MPPM Thesis and Dissertations (2019)

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An Analysis of factors affecting Public-Private-Dialogue(PPD) in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2019) Aden, Abdikarim Daud
Through the public-private-dialogue (PPD) process, the Kenyan government has over some years now placed more emphasis on public-private-partnerships (PPPs) in an endeavour to realize its development agenda. However, several operational, strategy and policy challenges affect the PPD process in Kenya. Literature reviewed pointed out that the private sector's relationship with government is in some cases viewed skeptically as one that is driven by political pressure from the ruling elite and prominent personalities in government. This study sought to analyze the factors that affect the success of the PPD process in Kenya, by reviewing the PPD Charter of Good Practice (20 15) as the main empirical literature source. The researcher identified six (6) key factors that contribute to the success of PPD. This include the existence of an open governance process; an appropriate structure that facilitates wide representation and participation of a wide array of stakeholders; the achievement of quality outputs; an outreach and communications strategy; a monitoring and evaluation framework and a sustainability mechanism. Data collection was achieved by conducting interviews with 15 key informants (8 from public sector and 7 from private sector) that were purposively selected, based on their experience and knowledge of the PPD process within the Kenyan context, and on their willingness to participate in the study. The study reaffirmed that the PPD process is essential for spurring national development, employment creation and mitigating poverty levels. However, the PPD process in Kenya has not been optimally structured to reap the full benefits from the process. The recommendations made were that the government should become more open and approachable to the private sector to avoid the purpose of the PPD process being hijacked by a powerful elitist group. The process should be more inclusive in terms of representation and participation; there should be independent evaluation of PPD/PPP projects to assess their quality and outcomes; enhance information sharing amongst stakeholders and that the government should marshal more resources in support of the process for it to be sustainable in future. Considering that this was a qualitative study, the researcher recommends that a quantitative study be done to establish the extent to which these key factors affect the success of the PPD process in Kenya. Further studies should also be done to analyze key factors influencing the choice of PPP projects in light of the PPD process, with reference to international best practices.
An Assessment of the impact of the Integrated National Transport Policy in the road sector within Nairobi County
(Strathmore University, 2019) Adhiambo, Evelyn Maureen
"Moving a working Nation" was the driving theme in the formulation and implementation of the Integrated National Transport Policy, 2009. The policy document identified several challenges which were, inhibitors in the sector from performing its role with respect to National, Regional, and international integration. Some of these challenges included inadequate infrastructural development and maintenance, insufficient funding, and gaps in the legal, institutional, and regulatory framework for the sector. The policy document subsequently provided policy solutions for each sector with a view to addressing the said challenges. This study investigated the impact of the Integrated National Transport Policy in the road sector within Nairobi County from 2010 to 2015. This was done by identifying impacts on implementation by assessing the policy overlaps, policy gaps, and system and institutional failures, that have either emerged or have persisted over time, with a keen focus on the policies that guided infrastructure, funding, regulation, and enforcement. Data was collected using both primary and secondary sources. Primary data relied on empirical scholarly research articles, self-administered questionnaires, and in-depth interviews with public officers at levels or ranks drawn from various state agencies who were purposively selected. Secondary data was sourced from organizational records, surveys, and reports for other research and surveys conducted that were associated with the road sector within Nairobi County. The findings of this study found that the Integrated National Transport Policy in the road sector had a positive and significant effect on infrastructural development and the expansion of roads. It also had an Integrated National Transport Policy in the road sector, which had a positive and significant effect on funding, and it was further observed that implementation of the road transport policy had a positive and significant effect on regulation & enforcement. This study, therefore, recommends a complete overhaul of the road sector transport policy to fully address the question of infrastructural, funding, and review or realignment of the various legislation to facilitate ease of enforcement of the various road laws within Nairobi County.
Analyzing the drivers and challenges of feed-in tariff policy in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2019) Engola, Monica Katungi
Feed-in in Tariffs (FITS) policies are used by many developed and developing countries world over as a mechanism to promote renewable energy development across various technologies including hydro, wind, solar PV, geothermal, biomass and biogas. The tariffs are administratively determined and producers of power from renewable energy sources are guaranteed a right to sell the power generated to an off-taker at a fixed tariff for a set period. The research focused on the Kenyan FIT policy which was introduced in 2008 and revised in 2010 and 2012. The research problem was that if the FIT policy for Kenya remains in place electricity prices will not be competitive, project development will delay, it will not attract investment in some technologies and the country’s energy targets will not be met. The general objective was to analyze the drivers and challenges of the FIT policy in Kenya. The study approach was descriptive and qualitative and relied on secondary data sources and primary data collection from key informant interviews (KIIs). A purposive sample of key informants was used. Qualitative data analysis adopted a thematic analysis approach whereby common themes were identified from the KIIs. Findings from the study reveal that the main drivers for the FIT policy were to promote generation of electricity from renewable sources, attract investment and independent power producers (IPPs) to the sector, reduce transaction and administrative costs and the need for conformity with global standards or commitments. Secondly, findings reveal that the key challenges for the FIT policy relate to the unavailability of technical expertise for policy design and inefficiencies in policy implementation. The findings on alternative mechanisms to promote the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources include net metering, mini-grids and auctions or competitive tendering. FIT policies achieved marginal effects with the lack of impact on the energy industry attributed to ineffective implementation of policies and a general misalignment of interests among stakeholders. The main recommendation from this study is that the FIT policy should be revised to address the challenges associated with it and retained for projects below 10MW and the auction mechanism should be introduced for projects above 10MW. In addition, that net metering and mini-grids should be implemented as alternative options
Assessment of human resource planning in the maternal health program in Nairobi City County
(Strathmore University, 2019) Waweru, Susan Wangari
In developing countries, human resource planning has not historically been a priority whilst developing maternal health policies in government. This has caused a health workforce crisis that has increasingly grown in prominence in Africa and is the main constraint to strengthening national maternal health systems and achieving maternal health outcomes. This study assessed human resource planning in the maternal health program in Nairobi City County so as to improve human resource productivity in the maternal health program in the County and thereby improve service delivery. The study adopted a mixed methodology approach where both qualitative and quantitative analysis was used. To undertake the study, a total population census was carried out using questionnaires that were subjected to the County Health Management Team and policymakers in the health services sector who bear the responsibility of human resource planning. This entailed the collection of data regarding the human resource planning process from formulation to implementation of the ensuing human resource plan. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. This was obtained from published reports and health facilities’ documented information. The questionnaire was coded using SPSS version 23 according to each variable of the study to ensure the margin of error was minimized and assure accuracy during analysis. Descriptive statistics, mean, frequency, percentages, and standard deviations were used for qualitative data. The information was displayed by use of tables, bar charts, graphs, and pie charts and in prose form. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The expected outcome of the study was that there was a positive relationship between human resource planning and maternal health outcomes. The study also found that the challenges of implementing human resource plans had a negative relationship with maternal health outcomes.
A Comparative evaluation of the implementation of public participation guidelines in Kenyan county governments
(Strathmore University, 2019) Hassan, Jamal Mohamed
Little data showed the comparison and contrast of the various approaches of implementing public participation guidelines and the significance of their implementation in the success of key governmental processes. This research sought to evaluate the extent to which three different Kenyan county governments have implemented county public participation guidelines. This was done through determining the extent to which planning and financing of public participation affects implementation of public participation, exploring the mechanisms available for managing and coordinating public participation, establishing the influence of the public and county officials in implementing public participation in the county governments, determining how community awareness and access to public information influence feedback mechanisms for public participation and evaluating the different processes of outreach and mobilization for public participation. This study analysed secondary data collected from sampled County Governments and reviewed the data as provided for under the Constitution of Kenya by examining the principles of public participation, guidelines from the Ministry of Devolution and Planning, compared them with County Governments Public Participation Acts, and the actual budgets with a focus on funds allocated to public participation. This was in a bid to investigate county government efforts in enacting laws for public participation, setting public participation offices, developing and implementing a model for citizen engagement. Findings from the three county governments under this study showed that there exist problems such as approaches used, negative attitude from citizens, and the administration procedures despite realizing many achievements in the public participation processes. Inclusionary and exclusionary issues in the participation processes do exist unintentionally, but were attributable to limitations in budget, improper approaches used and lack of awareness amongst citizens and the stakeholders.
Contribution of Gross Domestic Product to employment levels in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2019) Nzioki, Diana Mwikali
It is in the interest of every country to ensure that national prosperity through economic growth and development is sustained, and the citizen’s share in the economic prosperity. In her quest to enhance the quality of life and living standards for the citizens, and to be competitive at the global stage, Kenya developed a growth roadmap titled ' Vision 2030' anchored on political, economic, and social pillars. Kenya, has been facing the big task of creating jobs in order to keep pace with a rapidly growing population. This study used secondary data from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Kenya, Ministry of Labour, International Labour Office, Vision 2030 Annual Reports, and World Development Reports. It analysed the overall employment elasticity of growth and Sectoral employment elasticity of growth in the following five key sectors; Agriculture, Manufacturing, Financial Services and Real Estate, Construction and Transport and Communication. It further analysed the employment elastic in the formal and informal sectors from the period I987 -20I7.The data was processed and analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of data analysis software -STATA. The results were presented in charts and tables. The results established that there exists a relationship between overall growth in GOP and that some sectors are more likely to create jobs than others. The study recommends further studies on other determinants of employment elasticity. Further research work can be done in reviewing what the other determinants of employment elasticity are. In addition, research can be done on estimating the productive elasticity (productivity) in Kenya to determine to what extent this improves job creation in Kenya. The findings from this research will help to contribute to overall employment creation policies in the country and also Sectoral employment strategy that will boost job creation in the areas identified.
Effectiveness of the maintenance practices of service providers on the functionality of rural water supply facilities in Turkana County
(Strathmore University, 2019) Otieno, James Origa
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of post-eonstruction infrastructure maintenance practices of rural water service providers in Turkana County on the functionality of the facilities. Data on prevalent maintenance practises and attendant revenue mobilisation and management practises was collected from ten sampled sites within Turkana county through quantitative household questionnaires. Focused group discussions with the service providers and key informant interviews with county government officials and other water sector partners was also carried out to validate the quantitative data The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and instrumental variables regression analysis. The study findings showed endogeneity in the independent variables with the time taken to repair broken down water facilities emerging as the main predictor of functionality. The regression results indicate that a rural water system in Turkana is likely to be functional if it takes less time to repair compared to the base category of less than 24 hours. Affordability of water by the households emerged as another key factor that determines functionality since it influences sufficiency of revenues needed to respond to a break down. The results demonstrate a cyclic relationship in which affordability increases functionality as more households are able to and willing to contribute towards repair costs, hence making funds available for repairs and increasing prompt response to break downs. In tum, functionality increases household's willingness to pay since the system is well maintained thus available when needed.
Factors affecting maize production among registered small scale farmers in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2019) Njogu, Crispus
The agricultural dynamics are changing. Today, food security is a top priority among under-developed and developing countries, especially and particularly in Africa and Sub-Sahara region. The fight against hunger is a topic that has been in line of discussion since time immemorial. Early scholars like Malthus and Smith tried to explain the relationship among food security, food production and the involved production factors, in their ‘Malthusian Theory’ and ‘Theory of Production,’ but still no substantive solution is feasible to date. Studies by various scholars and entities including FAO shows that among the various agricultural products entrusted with the fight against hunger, maize production has the largest share segment and contributes to 30% of world’s food calories. In Kenya, maize production accounts to 65% of 18% formal employment, and it is the stable food year round. Despite of such utility precedence, maize production among these maize-dependent countries, Kenya included, remains to be low and the respective economies dependent on maize importation. This clearly undermines their inherent food security strategies, calling for holistic evaluations on the maize production situation. Among the key areas upon which the evaluation is highly and likely to be based on is the maize production factors. In Kenya, these factors are critical to maize production and require attention. This study therefore sought to undertake on this evaluation, narrowing the focus down to registered small-scale maize farmer in Trans-Nzoia County. Guided by the general objective of establishing the production and institutional factor that affect maize production, a survey was carried out in the five sub-counties of Trans-Nzoia County. The study equally intended to establish the effect that the factors have on the number of maize bags produced. Using stratified sample size of 196 respondents, the study used self-administered questionnaire to collect data. Data was collected from 195 respondents and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and findings presented accordingly. From analysis, it was established that land size, use of machinery in ploughing and use of chemicals had a positive influence on maize production. Land size was the most significant of factors. Extension services was also found to influence maize production but with a negative coefficient. Seed application and fertilizer application were found to have no influence on maize production. The study successfully obtained its objective. However, limitation on the pool of factors was identified as other insightful factors were missing. The ecological and climatic conditions were also found to limit the relevancy of the study to other regions due to disparity on maize production potential. The study therefore suggest for a further study that will seek to harmonise these limitations.
Factors influencing the Vision Delivery Board in coordinating the implementation of Kenya vision 2030
(Strathmore University, 2019) Njire, Scholla Wanjiku
Kenya Vision 2030 is a long-term national development blueprint whose overarching goal is to transform the country into a newly industrializing, globally competitive and prosperous economy with a high quality of life for all its citizens by the year 2030. In February 2009, the government of Kenya established the Vision Delivery Board as a special purpose vehicle to coordinate the implementation of the Vision 2030. Whereas Vision 2030 has been fully adopted as the basis of development planning in Kenya for over a decade now, evidence available does not show the existence of an incisive study that assesses the performance of the Vision Delivery Board in supporting the realization of the Vision. This study is intended to fill this knowledge gap by examining the factors that influence the performance of the Vision Delivery Board in coordinating the implementation of Kenya Vision 2030 plans, projects and programmes. Insights gained from such a study are of critical importance to the government, citizens and all stakeholders because of the Vision’s promise to all citizens of a high quality of life in a clean and secure environment. The study focused on stakeholders who, on account of their position, are deemed to have a close association and knowledge of the Vision Delivery Board and Vision 2030. The research employed a qualitative approach using a questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument on the target population comprising the Board members and senior Staff in the public sector. A structured questionnaire was administered to the selected sample of 51 subjects where 40 responses were received attaining a 78% response rate. The study found that the Vision Delivery Board continues to successfully provide strategic leadership and coordination in the implementation of Kenya’s vision 2030. It also identified gaps in the constitution of the Board with the key finding being that private sector ought to be more involved in the Board. A large proportion, 93 percent, of the respondents indicated that the composition of the Board had a greater impact on the Board’s ability to influence the achievement of Vision 2030 goals. In addition, the study established that there is a need for more involvement of government ministries, implementing agencies and private sector participants in the entire Vision 2030 process from preparation of documents and schedules to implementation of the Vision 2030 projects. Further research should be conducted on the key factors that have enabled achievement of similar development plans in other jurisdictions.
Investigating influence of socio economic and political factors on local integration of refugees in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2019-10) Muthengi, Maureen Mukuta
Forced migration is a global issue that has resulted to displacement of over sixty-eight million people from their countries due to violation of human rights, political tensions, civil war and armed conflict; forcing them to flee and seek asylum in another country in search of peace and security. Kenya among other countries has been hosting refugees since 1990. The study investigated the influence of socio-economic and political factors on local integration of refugees in Kenya. The study focused on two objectives, to determine the socio-economic factors influencing the local integration of refugees in Kenya and to establish the political factors affecting local integration of refugees in Kenya. The literature review section underlined the theories that supported the concept of local integration and refugee situations. The theories identified were, the exile and resettlement: refugee theory developed by Egon F. Kunz in 1973 and structural-functional theory by David Émile Durkheim in 1893. The research design that was used was descriptive survey that used questionnaires as the main data collection tool. The study targeted refugees that reside in Nairobi and Kakuma, Kenya. The sampling method used was snow balling where the identified refugee community leaders led the researcher together with the research assistants on the identification of the respondents based on their country of origin. Descriptive analysis was used, and findings were presented inform of mean and standard deviation for ease of understanding and interpretation. The findings demonstrated that socioeconomic factors do influence local integration of refugees in Kenya and political factors do affect local integration of refugees in Kenya. This concluded that there is a positive relation between socio-economic factors and political factors and their influence on local integration of refugees in Kenya. The study made recommendations concerning local integration to the government of Kenya, UNHCR, refugees, media and the researchers. Further research may be conducted on the impact of the KISEDP programme on refugees and the host community and its success on local integration.
The Relationship between data quality and internal audit findings of commercial banks in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2019) Apondi, Mary Ochieng’
Study’s main objective was to establish the association between data quality and internal audit findings of commercial banks in Kenya. The study specifically sought to establish the relationship between data accessibility, data completeness, and data relevance on internal audit findings of commercial banks in Kenya. Adopted research design was descriptive whereby the study targeted all the 42 commercial banks in Kenya. Sample size selection was through stratified random sampling technique and a sample of 33 respondents was selected using simple random sampling. Primary data was used and was collected using questionnaires. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze quantitative data and presentations were done in tables and figures. Multiple regression analysis was used in ascertaining the relationship between data quality and internal audit findings of commercial banks in Kenya. The study found that data accessibility, data completion and data relevance significantly influence internal audit findings of commercial banks in Kenya. The study concluded that increasing data accessibility, data completion and data relevance by a single unit will lead to an increase in internal audit findings of commercial banks in Kenya. The study therefore recommends the management of commercial banks in Kenya to ensure that internal auditors can access information directly and easily. Banks management to ensure that they employ experts to help in mining of data, and to ensure their data is complete through data verification processes.
Revenue diversification in counties with a focus on Own Source Revenues
(Strathmore University, 2019) Odanga, Victor
With the devolved system of governance in Kenya, financial autonomy is a key tenet of the County Governments sustainability. The general objective was to identify strategies through which County Governments Own Source Revenue (OSR) can be diversified to promote enhanced local revenues. The specific objectives were to establish the factors which contribute to the current revenue collection trends by County Governments in Kenya and to establish the performance of counties in Kenya on revenue generation. The Resource Dependency Theory was utilized in the study. The research design applied was an ex post facto descriptive research design using quantitative data. The study employed non-probability sampling approach of purposive sampling. The 47 counties were lumped into eight regions based on the former provincial administrative units, thus a county in each of the eight administrative units served as a sample therefore constituting a sample of eight counties. A combination of primary and secondary sources of data were employed in the study. Questionnaires were administered to fulfill the overall objective and the first specific objective. Secondary data was collected in order to satisfy the second specific objective. Descriptive and factor analysis was applied for the general objective and the first specific objective. Descriptive statistics was used to fulfill the second specific objective. The study established that; there are seven factors being utilized in the counties to diversify revenue, there are five factors which are the main challenges existing in county governments resulting in the current revenue generation trends, and the overall revenue generation of the counties is quite low. Policy recommendations were that policy makers in the sector could use the strategies established in the study to recommend them on enhancing sub-national governments OSR and also try to address the challenges identified in the study. Individual Counties’ are also recommended to isolate those strategies used by other counties to diversify their revenues. They can also be aware of the challenges weighing in on OSR and try to address them in order to improve local revenue collection. Various practitioners carrying out other studies can fill the gaps left out in this study for the purposes of providing sustainable solutions towards revenue mobilization.
A Review of the fiscal regime and tax compliance in the oil and gas industry in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2019) Chakava, Lillian Andia
The recent discovery of oil and gas in Kenya is an opportunity to establish sound policies to support the generation of revenue. For citizens not directly benefiting from the oil and gas industry, revenue to the nation will be shared for the benefit of all, including future generations. Protecting this revenue throughout the life of the finite resource then is a major consideration for policy makers. Taxpayers are not always of the same conviction as the Government of the revenue they should pay, hence revenue from macroeconomic projections and actual revenue collected can vary. Worldwide, disputes arising from oil and gas have resulted in loss of revenue to Governments. In addition to revenue forecasting, it is prudent to plan for collection through taxpayer compliance management in order to mitigate against revenue shortfalls resulting from realized tax compliance risks. Progressive taxation planning is an international best practice in oil and gas revenue planning that allows policy makers to move to seal loopholes as and when they occur since it is difficult to foresee all challenges facing the fiscal regime in oil and gas. This research sought to add to knowledge in progressive taxation planning by reviewing Kenya’s oil and gas fiscal regime and tax compliance factors for optimized revenue collection. Revenue regimes and tax compliance factors in the research were determined by studying fiscal regimes and compliance actions in the oil and gas industry in Africa from publicized cases that have been determined and concluded in a court of law. Fiscal regimes were compared with Kenya’s corresponding fiscal regime and tax compliance factors that work in Kenya were deduced from taxpayer compliance actions using qualitative content analysis methods. It was found that Kenya’s fiscal regime in the oil and gas industry provides for collection of tax on Transfer of Interests and Signature Bonus, meaning that the fiscal regime was robust enough to facilitate for scenarios of collection of taxes from Transfers of Interest and Signature Bonus from oil and gas. However, the fiscal regime did not provide for staying proceedings in order to seek arbitration provided under Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs), which pointed to an area of possible loss of revenue collection through parallel and unrelated processes for tax dispute resolution. The factors of tax compliance found to apply in Kenya were deterrence, norms, opportunity for evasion, fairness and trust, economic and financial factors and industry practice. It was deduced that a taxpayer in the oil and gas industry: unlike other industries, has favorable and robust options in dispute resolution processes; may want to avoid prolonged disputes; and can enjoy protection under the PSCs that fiscal regimes are not enforceable when they default. Overall, the taxpayers in the oil and gas industry showed preference for functioning PSCs that provided for the demands of the industry; clearly defined fiscal regimes and incentives; mitigation of issues that can result in reputational risks, disadvantages to the business and financial losses; and a good-natured working relationship with the Government leaning heavily on legal compliance. PSCs were found to be strong tax compliance instruments leveraged by International Oil Companies and needed harmonized with fiscal regimes for optimal revenue collection.

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