Strathmore Business School (SBS)

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A Descriptive study on nutrition knowledge and dietary practices among adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension at Kitale County Referral Hospital
(Strathmore University, 2023) Kiarie, R. W.
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading global cause of death, with most of these deaths occurring in low to middle- income countries (LMICs). Hypertension and diabetes are two of the four major NCDs, and they are often comorbidities, meaning that they occur at the same time. Morbidity and mortality is usually a result of long-term complications, and apart from medical therapy, these can be prevented by lifestyle interventions that include dietary modifications. This study sought to describe the nutrition knowledge and dietary practices of patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. The focus was on patients receiving care at the Kitale County Referral Hospital in Trans Nzoia County, and the study objectives were to (i) assess patients’ knowledge of dietary influence on diabetes and hypertension, (ii) assess sociocultural influences on patients’ dietary practices, (iii) assess patients’ willingness to change their dietary practices, and (iv) assess patient’s awareness of their dietary practices. The study was supported by the Social Cognitive Theory, which is premised upon the reciprocal interaction between individual, behavioural and environmental factors. These factors interact to formulate the control that an individual has over their illness, thereby influencing their motivation to perform self-care activities. This descriptive cross-sectional study utilized quantitative techniques by use of structured questionnaires as the main data collection instrument, in a target population of 973 and a sample size of 283 respondents. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software, quantitative techniques were used to analyze the data, and descriptive techniques were applied to analyse the characteristics of the respondents. The following conclusions were made from the results: that majority of the participants understood the role of diet in the management of these two conditions; that some cultural practices posed a challenge to some participants, and that they had the family, spousal and social support they needed; that participants were willing to change their dietary practices and adhere to the recommended diet regimens; that most participants had received adequate nutrition education and counselling, however eating balanced diets was a challenge, they were not able to find all the foods they had been advised to eat, and they had to think about the cost of buying these foods. The study recommends sustained efforts in patient education, inclusion of experiential learning through the use of a hospital kitchen in order to contextualize use of locally available foods, and strategies to combat food insecurity especially among the ageing population in the county.
A Heuristic approach in examining the factors influencing additional voluntary contribution in the public sector in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2023) Mugi, C. W.
There is prevailing confusion on the machinations of, and thus subscribership to pension funds in Kenya. The need for additional pension fund contributions is however apparent given insufficient funding towards catering to the aging population in the country. The current study aimed at shedding light on the factors affecting employee additional voluntary pension contribution in Kenya’s civil service. The objectives were as follows - to assess the effect of macroeconomic factors on employee additional voluntary pension contribution in Kenya's civil service, to assess the effect of industry-specific factors on employee additional voluntary pension contribution in Kenya's civil service and to assess the effect of personal factors on employee additional voluntary pension contribution in Kenya's civil service. A positivist approach employing a descriptive-correlational research design was applied. Data were collected, through a sampling approach, from all 22 ministries. Data on variables were collected through a structured questionnaire. An exploratory factor analysis was then performed on the data after which an ordinal logistic regression approach was employed in determining the impact of macroeconomic factors, industry-specific factors, and personal factors, on additional voluntary pension contribution in Kenya’s civil service. Personal factors were deemed impactful to employee additional voluntary pension contributions whereas industry-specific factors and macroeconomic factors were not considered impactful at the 95% confidence level. Study findings on the first objective indicate that macroeconomic factors should not be considered in shaping incentive packages to bolster additional voluntary contribution to pension schemes. Findings from the second factor indicate a need for further investigation into potential context-specific attributes that account for the lack of impact of industry-specific factors. Finally, personal factors, as indicated in the third objective, should be considered as an isolated subgroup to create effective additional voluntary contribution incentives that leverage short-term thinking and financial factors.
A Hospital-based study on the application of blockchain technology on data sharing in oncology treatment and value-based care in Nairobi County, Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2023) Saini, B. V.
This study deals with the Blockchain Technology (BcT) application for decentralizing Electronic Health Records (EHRs) data to store patient information, including medical reports, to ensure improved patient care. EHRs are entirely controlled by hospitals instead of patients, which makes it more difficult for patients to seek medical care from other providers using their historical data. Patients are the data subjects and the primary owners of the data; therefore, they should have more say and checks on balances on the providers in how their data is being shared and used. The existing system of storing patient details depends on the organization's servers, thus the need for Blockchain using multi-cloud integration to achieve data interoperability. This study will adopt a quantitative research design whereby Blockchain will design an experiment to establish the relationship between patient perspective, level of trust, and transparency in data sharing for oncology patients and value-based care through processing and analyzing the quantitative data from the private cancer center. This study will adopt a quantitative with various stakeholders in Oncology in Kenya. It will also undertake surveys through questionnaires with the chief oncologist, chief medical officer, nurse manager, lab technician, researchers, and IT personnel. The results showed that blockchain technology has the potential to transform the way health records and data are kept and used to treat and care for oncology patients. By combining and integrating data from various sources, healthcare organizations can enhance value-based care, prioritizing patient outcomes and using data to drive decision-making. Furthermore, evidence-based decision-making by extracting data insights is important for designing data-driven healthcare systems. This study provides valuable insights for healthcare policymakers, providers, and researchers in Kenya and beyond. By prioritizing patient outcomes, evidence-based decision-making, and data protection, healthcare organizations can improve the quality of care they provide and, ultimately, the health outcomes of their patients. Furthermore, by leveraging blockchain technology and other innovative solutions, healthcare providers can improve their services' efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability.
A moment for Africa
Njenga, George
Speech by George N. Njenga
A Qualitative examination of factors affecting the retention of doctors at the Kenyatta National Referral Hospital in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2023) Robai, C.
Globally, governments struggle with providing quality, affordable healthcare to achieve Universal Healthcare Coverage (UHC). The World Health Organization (WHO) asserts that motivation and retention of healthcare personnel, including doctors, is essential for achieving UHC. Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) the largest referral hospital in Kenya offers specialised services but experiences shortages of various specialists and attributes this to high turnover due to the hospital's unattractive service model and poor working conditions in light of the lengthy training periods to acquire the necessary skills to provide such specialized healthcare. Therefore, there is a need to establish how to make the most of this rare resource, including how to work on the retention of doctors. This study is anchored on Herzberg's Two Factor Theory which argues that individuals are interested at two different areas of motivation. The study was based on Adam’s equity theory and Hezberg’s two-factor theory. An explorative qualitative study was conducted. In-depth interview was conducted among 24 doctors. Qualitative data was thematically analysed. The results showed that financial incentives affected their performance hence motivated them to stay. Financial incentives played a role on the decision to quit employment and recommended on the need to employ the contract doctors on permanent and pensionable terms. Career advancement opportunities were available for doctors employed on permanent and pensionable terms but not for medical officers on contractual terms of employment. This was a demotivating factor for the medical officers, increasing their turnover rates. Further, findings revealed that a good working condition at KNH a good working conditions at KNH was considered as one with good leadership, well structured shifts, availability of consumables, good equipment, positive culture and a good system. The working conditions had a huge effect on the motivation of doctors, retention and service delivery. All these conditions would enhance their retention in the hospital.
A Study of extrinsic and intrinsic factors influencing the job motivation of public sector health care workers in Nakuru County
(Strathmore University, 2021) Githatu, Grace Watiri
Diverse factors provide indicators of job motivation challenges amongst the healthcare workers. These factors include the high level of employee turnover. For example, in 2017, an estimated 700 doctors quit employment from government run hospitals Graham, 2018). Additionally, the Kenya Medical practitioners and Dentist Union (KMPDU) estimated that up to 2,300 doctors had left devolved sector employment between 2014 and 2016 for private sector engagement or further education abroad. Moreover, the various groups of the healthcare workers including doctors, nurses, and clinical officers have held numerous industrial strikes against their employer. Consequently, this study seeks to sh1dy the factors influencing the job motivation in the healthcare public sector. The study is based on Herzberg's 2-factor themy that splits factors affecting employee job motivation as extrinsic and motivating factors. The study used a descriptive research design and the target population was health workers in Nakuru County Public health facilities including doctors, clinical officers, laboratory technicians, pharmacists and nurses. The study population was 1756 respondents. The sample size of this study, using Taro Yamane's (1967) formula, was 326 respondents. The correlation between diverse factors and job motivation were examined. The study found a strong positive correlation between extrinsic factors and job motivation (r=0.633, p value =0.000). The study further found that there was a positive and statistically significant correlation between intrinsic factors and job motivation (r=0.795, p value =0.000). The regression analysis results revealed that a unit increase in extrinsic factors is associated with 0.318 increases in the job motivation levels with intrinsic factors kept constant. On the other hand, a unit increase in the intrinsic factors is associated with 0.596 increases in the job motivation levels with extrinsic factors kept constant. The study thus recommends that the intrinsic factors such be considered and factored within the instih1tions in order to improve on the job motivation levels. The intrinsic factors that had the lowest scores were salary paid being compensate with work done, dates of salary payments, salary increments levels, salary being competitive for tasks undertaken, supportive work environment for work station, and supervisor fairness levels.
A Study of on-time performance and causes of delays at Kenya airways
(Strathmore University, 2011) Momanyi, Nester Asiko
Departure punctuality has increasingly gained attention over the last few years. This development is due to the realization what punctuality plays in the economics of the airline industry. Punctuality allows airlines to differentiate themselves from their competitors and holds a significant potential for cost savings. Kenya Airways (KQ) faced a lot of challenges with regard to punctuality from congested airport, persistent delays to flight cancellation. For this reason, KQ embarked on monitoring and improving its department performance. However, this was done at a central place with no detailed explanation of the root cause as on-time performance (OTP) performance remained low. This study aimed at establishing the OTP and the causes of delays at KQ and offer recommendations for improvement. It was a descriptive exploratory study where historical data was used to gather the relevant information. The study focused on on-time departure delays as this contributed to 95% of all KQ delays. A total of 379 flights were purposively and conveniently sampled. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 17. Frequencies and percentages of the variables were calculated and presented in graphs and tabular form. Cross tabulations, x2 test and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to examine relationships between variables. In addition, t-test was also used to 56% against a set target of 75% at p < 0.05. 60% of all delays were due to aircraft rotation which IAT A broadly classifies as reactionary type. 50% of all delays were attributed Boeing 737 type of aircraft. A high association (0.7) between delays attributed to sick crew and the month of the year- December. Domestic routes had a higher OTP as compared to the rest of the routes. The study recommended communicative, strategic, and operational techniques to enable KQ improve OTP. It further recommended the organization to consider incorporating "No frills" flights in some routes to have a competitive edge since already the routes OTP is within the set target of 75%.
A Study on the effect of Environmental Social and Governance adoption and bank characteristics on the financial performance of commercial banks in Uganda
(Strathmore University, 2023) Awuor, L.
Recent changes to corporate external reporting have sparked discussions around the need to evolve the practice. Reports by influential organizations suggest a need to incorporate forward-looking, nonfinancial, and soft information in financial reports for the benefit of all stakeholders, hence the emergence of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure requirements. In Uganda, the law does not require institutions to disclose ESG matters; this has, however, not deterred its voluntary adoption by players in the commercial banking sector. Most banks are, however, likely to face hurdles in compliance, and the lack of guidance on ESG disclosures makes it difficult for stakeholders to compare results across early-adopting organizations. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of ESG adoption and bank characteristics on financial performance in Uganda. Data from published financials and structured questionnaires was used to collect data from all the licensed commercial banks between 2012-2021. By employing a multivariate regression analysis, the study established that ESG has a slightly positive effect on ROE and a slightly negative effort on ROA. However, both relationships are not statistically significant. Therefore, this study has not approved or disapproved of any of the theoretical expectations of the two hypotheses that ESG positively or negatively affects financial performance. The relationship with bank characteristics has also shown that profitability positively and significantly affects ROE and ROA. Finally, the findings indicate that having ESG adoption enforced by regulatory bodies (both financial sector regulators and accounting bodies) would be the most effective way to ensure that banks in Uganda observe sustainable practices. Future studies could extend the investigations to longer periods to establish whether the current findings hold over time. Future research could also examine specific ESG factors in isolation, say environmental, social, and governance, to investigate their individual effects on the financial performance of Ugandan commercial banks. Keywords: Environmental, social, ESG reporting, sustainability disclosure, sustainability reporting, bank-specific characteristics, and financial performance.
A summary of centuries of childhood : a social history of family life by Aries, Philippe
Njenga, George
A summary of characteristics of the European economy at the beginning of the modern age : European discoveries and expansion 15‐1700; by S.B. Clough and R.T. Rapp
Njenga, George
A summary of for love or for money – or both? by Nancy Folbre and Julie A. Nelson
Njenga, George
Nancy Folbre and Julie Nelson study the shift from non‐market to market labour in the contemporary society, of the United States of America (US). The consequences are far reaching with regard to social care, economics and the link between the consequences of women shifting from family and social relationship building to paid labour in the market. The authors see this as a change in the “social contract”. The move of women, previously responsible for the “emotional” dimension of society (child care, social relationships, homemakers), from their traditional roles to paid jobs in the market is the underlying issue and they describe it in a trite and dynamic phrase – “For Love or For Money”.
A Summary of the article; “Final Reflections”
Njenga, George
Access to digital Nano-credit and the economic welfare: a case study of the low-income earners in Nairobi County
(Strathmore University, 2020) Oyier, Jared Odhiambo
Digital nano credit has gained prominence in Kenya because it serves the portion of the population which has not been reached effectively by commercial banks. The requirements for qualification are relatively relaxed as compared to those of the commercial banks; they also process loan request faster than most of the commercial banks. The justification for the study is premised on the fact that little attention has been devoted to study the impact of digital nano credit on the economic welfare of the recipients. Moreover, the existing empirical evidence is inconclusive in the direction of the association. Therefore, the study sought to find out the impact of access to digital nano credit on the economic welfare of the low-income earners in Nairobi. The supplementary objective of the study included; investigating the factors considered by digital nano credit companies before they issue digital-nano credit and how the usage of digital nano credit affect the economic welfare of the low-income earners. The study was anchored on three theories; the neoclassical theory of welfare, restriction of opportunities theory of poverty and the individual deficiency theory. The research used a cross-sectional survey research design to collect and analyze the data. Purposive stratified random sampling technique was used to select a representative sample size of 196 respondents from the population. Data was gathered through a structured questionnaire on a target sample size across the 17 sub-counties in Nairobi. The response rate for the study stood at 85.71%. The study found that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between economic welfare, access to digital nano credit, usage of digital nano-credit, the age of the breadwinner, household income. The size of the household was found not to have a negative relationship with economic welfare; however, this relationship was not statistically significant. The study also concluded that there is a constant level of economic welfare which is not affected by access to digital nano credit. The study also confirmed the assumptions of the neoclassical theory of welfare and restrictions of opportunities theory. However, the results of the study do not support the assumptions of the individual deficiency theory. The research, therefore, proposes that the government should regulate the issuance of digital nano credit and engage in market correction policies which can ensure that micro businesses are adequately supported to grow. Finally, the study suggests that an independent study should be undertaken to assess the impact of digital nano credit to the performance of sole proprietorship micro businesses.
Access to government procurement opportunities and women empowerment in Kenya: policy interventions to bridge information gaps
(Strathmore University, 2023) Kiraka, Ruth N., Otieno, Hellen N.; Kiraka, Ruth N.
Public Procurement constitutes a strategic element of any economy. The level of public expenditure, if adequately and strategically managed through a sound procurement process can produce greater economic and social outcomes and impact. The Kenya Government initiated Access to Public Procurement Opportunities (AGPO) programme to facilitate enterprises owned by women, youth and people with disabilities to participate in government procurement opportunities, to economically empower them. This Policy Brief highlights information gaps in the AGPO programme that have undermined its uptake. It presents key findings of a research project that focused on the effectiveness of the AGPO initiative in enhancing women’s participation in public procurement and promoting their economic empowerment2 conducted in 25 counties. A key finding of the research was that the AGPO programme does contribute to women’s empowerment. However, there are information gaps and/or misinformation, that prevent many women entrepreneurs from participating in the programme. The Policy Brief offers recommendations on how these gaps can be addressed.
Adoption of agricultural technologies in Kenya : How does gender matter?
(2011-10) Ndiritu, Simon W; Kassie, Menale; Shiferaw, Bekele
This paper uses plot level data to investigate the agricultural technologies adoption across male and female plots managers in Kenya with particular attention on complementarity or substitutability of several technologies on a plot. Using Multivariate probit model we found that all the technologies under consideration complement each other. The analysis further shows that women plot managers are more likely to adopt soil and water conservation but are less likely to apply animal manure relative to male managed plots. But we find no gender differences for adoption of maize-legume intercropping, maize-legume rotation, improved seed varieties, minimum tillage and inorganic fertilizer.
Affordable housing delivery and economic revival in the post COVID 19 era- a case of family homes fund in Nigeria
(Strathmore University, 2024) Gambo, M. M.
Africa is facing an unprecedented population growth and urbanization rate, coupled with the social and economic effects of the COVID pandemic; making it necessary to enhance mechanisms for social support such as housing. This study’s aim was to establish the role of affordable housing delivery and economic revival in the post COVID-19 era using a case study of the Family Homes Fund in Nigeria. Specifically, the study sought to analyze the different approaches to affordable housing delivery adopted and their impact on economic revival post COVID -19; determine the skills set of affordable housing delivery affecting economic revival in the post COVID-19 era in Nigeria; and to establish the critical success factors of affordable housing delivery affecting economic revival in the post COVID-19 era in Nigeria. The study was anchored on the Keynesian economic theory and the public interest economic regulation theory. A quantitative explanatory research design and a stratified random sampling technique were utilized. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. Reliability of the data collection tool was determined through Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient, while the data was analyzed by relevant statistical tools using the SPSS 24 package. Correlation results revealed that there was a positive but insignificant relation between the approaches to affordable housing delivery and economic survival in the post COVID-19 era in Nigeria. Further, skills set for affordable housing delivery had a statistically significant moderately positive correlation with economic survival in the post COVID-19 era in Nigeria while critical success factors had a significant weakly positive correlation. Regression analysis revealed that there a positive and significant relation between affordable housing delivery and economic survival in post COVID-19 era in Nigeria. The study also determined that there was no significant effect of the various approaches used in predicting economic revival in the post COVID-19 era in Nigeria. The analysis further found that there existed a positive and significant relation between the Skillset for Affordable Housing Delivery applied as well as Critical Success Factors for Affordable Housing Delivery and economic revival in the post COVID-19 era in Nigeria. The study recommends that the relevant bodies establish and strengthen skills development programs for professionals involved in affordable housing delivery. Additionally, the study recommends exploration of innovative financing models to support the development and implementation of affordable housing projects thereby enhancing the affordability and accessibility of housing options, leading to economic revival. Lastly, the study recommends adopting an integrated planning approach that considers affordable housing as a key component of broader economic revival strategies. Key words: Affordable Housing Delivery, COVID pandemic, Economic Revival, Nigeria.
African prehistoric societies
Njenga, George
The Aftermath of fraud
(ICPAK, 2016-03) Mathuva, David Mutua; Waituika, Kennedy
You have just unearthed that “major” fraud in your organization. You now want to establish the underlying cause of the fraud and how you can recover the lost assets. Question is:how do you involve the relevant law enforcement agencies, the criminal justice system and then ‘move on’? What do you need to consider before engaging the law enforcement agencies?
An Analysis of customer satisfaction with procurement practices in manufacturing state corporations in Nairobi
(Strathmore University, 2017) Ogwang', John
This study analyzed customer satisfaction with procurement practices in manufacturing State Corporations in Nairobi. This study was informed by the contingency theory of management and the resource-based view of strategy. The study focused on six manufacturing State Corporations with headquarters in Nairobi. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Structured questionnaires were administered to 66 respondents drawn from procurement, user departments, and external institutional customers of manufacturing state corporations. Quantitative data collected was summarized through the use of frequency distributions and analyzed using chi-square tests to show relations between respondents' ratings on procurement practices and study variables. The findings show that staffing levels in manufacturing state corporations do not affect cost efficiency in procurement processes in manufacturing state corporations. Cost efficiency, time efficiency, and quality control efficacy in procurement practices are cross-cutting issues that affect all manufacturing state corporations in a similar manner. To a moderate extent, cost efficiency in procurement processes in manufacturing state corporations is affected by transparency in the processes, the wastage due to paperwork, transport, and postage costs, many failed/abortive procurement processes, and the lengthy processes of sourcing for suppliers. The major causes of delays in the procurement processes, in manufacturing state corporations, are lengthy procurement process, requisition having to wait to be signed by the head of department, understaffing of procurement department, negligence by staff, lack of finance, Staff with vested interests and delays in paying of suppliers. The main measure of quality in manufacturing state corporations is whether goods supplied meet specifications or not. Price plays a significant role in quality determination due to the practice of picking bidders with the lowest pricing. Correlation analysis shows that lead times are strongly correlated to most complaints received from customers (end users and user departments). Additionally, there is a correlation between the quality of goods (measured in terms of meeting specifications) and most complaints from customers (internal and external). There is a correlation between procurement costs and common complaints from suppliers. There was no correlation between lead times, quality of goods procured, procurement costs, and the number of complaints received in the organization about procurement practices. The study recommends benchmarking among manufacturing state corporations and the adoption of e-procurement as ways of dealing with cost efficiency, time efficiency, and quality control challenges. The study also recommends a review of the Public Procurement and Disposals Act (PPDA) in order to shorten the lengthy procurement process but also provide mechanisms so that procurement managers can proactively purchase the best quality supplies at market prices.
An Analysis of factors affecting Public-Private-Dialogue(PPD) in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2019) Aden, Abdikarim Daud
Through the public-private-dialogue (PPD) process, the Kenyan government has over some years now placed more emphasis on public-private-partnerships (PPPs) in an endeavour to realize its development agenda. However, several operational, strategy and policy challenges affect the PPD process in Kenya. Literature reviewed pointed out that the private sector's relationship with government is in some cases viewed skeptically as one that is driven by political pressure from the ruling elite and prominent personalities in government. This study sought to analyze the factors that affect the success of the PPD process in Kenya, by reviewing the PPD Charter of Good Practice (20 15) as the main empirical literature source. The researcher identified six (6) key factors that contribute to the success of PPD. This include the existence of an open governance process; an appropriate structure that facilitates wide representation and participation of a wide array of stakeholders; the achievement of quality outputs; an outreach and communications strategy; a monitoring and evaluation framework and a sustainability mechanism. Data collection was achieved by conducting interviews with 15 key informants (8 from public sector and 7 from private sector) that were purposively selected, based on their experience and knowledge of the PPD process within the Kenyan context, and on their willingness to participate in the study. The study reaffirmed that the PPD process is essential for spurring national development, employment creation and mitigating poverty levels. However, the PPD process in Kenya has not been optimally structured to reap the full benefits from the process. The recommendations made were that the government should become more open and approachable to the private sector to avoid the purpose of the PPD process being hijacked by a powerful elitist group. The process should be more inclusive in terms of representation and participation; there should be independent evaluation of PPD/PPP projects to assess their quality and outcomes; enhance information sharing amongst stakeholders and that the government should marshal more resources in support of the process for it to be sustainable in future. Considering that this was a qualitative study, the researcher recommends that a quantitative study be done to establish the extent to which these key factors affect the success of the PPD process in Kenya. Further studies should also be done to analyze key factors influencing the choice of PPP projects in light of the PPD process, with reference to international best practices.

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