School of Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSS)

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The School of Humanities and Social Sciences (SHSS) suceeds the Institute of Humanities, Education and Development Studies (IHEDS)

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A Humanistic perspective in teaching business ethics to accountancy students
Catacutan, Maria Rosario G
Recent corporate scandals brought to light the role of the academic community in strengthening the ethical values of accounting students as future leaders of the profession. Some members, however, remain skeptical, thus leading to debates about the effectiveness of the ethics programmes currently being taught in business schools. From a humanistic perspective, the teaching of business ethics in accountancy continues to be relevant because it can contribute to effect moral change in the life of students. The possibility of a moral change is within the reach of every individual through the configuring power of his actions. This change, however, entails a complex process because it involves a deliberate and free decision on the part of the person. Every individual is capable of becoming a better person and it is the task of teachers of ethics to motivate and guide their students as future accountants to become good and honest professionals.
Altruism and human flourishing in shareholder value and the common good
(Strathmore University Press, ) Gichure, Christine Prof.
Book Chapter in book titled Shareholder value and the common good.
An Analysis of the judicial code of conduct and ethics and the vetting process of judicial officers from a virtue ethics perspective
(Strathmore University, 2015) Andayi W. Francis
The Judicial Service Code of Conduct and Ethics (JSCCE) for the Kenyan judges and magistrates collectively referred to here as judicial officers, is an ethical guide for the successful delivery of their judicial duty. Judicial ethics as represented in the JSCCE appears to follow two main ethical approaches, deontology and consequentialism or utilitarianism. Questions abound on the success of these ethical approaches to positively influence the conduct of judicial officers and provide the requisite ethical guidance. Judicial officers continue to receive condemnation from varied qum1ers for failing to follow the path of rectitude within and outside of their judicial calling. The demand by Kenyans that under the new Constitution of Kenya 20 I 0 all serving judicial officers undergo a vetting process to determine their suitability to continue serving in the judiciary is testimony to the low level of test the public has in the judicial officers. To address this challenge this study explored how the virtue ethics approach, as an alternative to deontology and utilitarianism, can be utilized as a foundation for judicial ethics. The aim of this study therefore is to determine whether the vi11ue ethics approach, which is agent centered and opposed to deontology and consequentialism, which are action-focused, can be applied to the JSCCE and the vetting process to make better judicial ethics in Kenya. The vi11ue ethics approach is approp1iate for this study because of its recent resurgence in ethical theme as well as its appeal to beliefs, emotions, thoughts, and values instead of actions and consequences which are influenced by a system of rewards and punishment. The study applied a content analysis method to analyze the contents of the JSCCE and the vetting process, which are two areas of focus on judicial ethics in Kenya, to uncover the elements of virtue ethics espoused therein. The study found that there are some 20 elements of virtue ethics found in the JSCCE and the vetting process. These are justice, courage, independence, practical wisdom among others. However, the presence of the elements alone was found not sufficient to make virtue ethics the theoretical base for judicial ethics in Kenya for two reasons. First, the elements are limited in scope in the JSCCE. Second, the elements are not expressed in virtue ethics language but rather they are formulated as rules and principles in line with the deontological and consequentialist ethical frameworks. However, it also emerged that with proper articulation of the JSCCE and the vetting criteria, the principles and rules can be reformulated to take account of a virtue ethics approach and thereby embed it as a sound theoretical base for judicial ethics in Kenya. The study made suggestions and recommendations on the ways through which judicial ethics can take account of virtue ethics and how to align the .TSCCE and the vetting process to each other through the virtue ethics approach to improve on judicial ethics and ultimately the conduct of judicial officers in Kenya.
An examination into the ethical acceptability of genetically modified foods in Kenya principled on Aristotelian Ethics
Gichuru, Virginia Gathoni
Ethics is a branch of Philosophy which studies free human acts from the point of view of their moral value (goodness or badness) in relation with the last end of man( Debeljuh,2006). Ethics is able to ascertain what man‘s final goal is and to determine the type of behaviour that will lead him to that final goal which ultimately should give him happiness. In th is paper I would like to examine the ethical acceptability of GM foods in Kenya using the Aristotelian understanding of e thics. For Aristotle , e thics is based on achieving the chief good for man which he called eudaimonia ( ̳happiness‘). He said that eudaim onia is something that is ―final and self sufficient and is the end that our human action tends toward. Aristotle discovered that this happiness if found by man exercising his rational nature which gives him the capacity to direct himself to the good in ev ery action. Looking at the GM foods from this point of view, the paper will try to examine if GM foods enhance the nature of man by taking into consideration his rational nature as well as promoting the common good of man. Anything that goes against his na ture would be considered morally unacceptable. Aristotle defines the common good as the perfect goal of the state which requires an admission of the indiv idual's basic right in society. This basic right means the right of everyone to the opportunity to fre ely shape his life by responsible action, in pursuit of virtue and in accordance with the natural moral law.
An Inquiry into the efficacy of the Kenyan ethical regime on the conduct of judges
(Strathmore University, 2024) Obondi, V.
In November 2010 Kenyans enacted and gave to themselves a new. The new Constitution fundamentally transformed the administration of the Judiciary, it obliges probity and accountability in the recruitment of judges, and the administration of justice in exercise of donated judicial authority. The new Constitution also obliged the enactment of a code to govern the conduct of judicial officers. The new Constitution has by its specific provisions reformed the justice system. However, regardless of the prevailing solid laws governing ethical conduct of judges, to wit: the Constitution; the Judicial Service Act; and the Judicial Service (Code of Conduct and Ethics), Regulations, 2020, unethical conduct among the Judges is to date a matter of grave concern. There is a disconnect between the conduct of the judges and the expectations of the people of Kenya. The situation begs the question; Is there a need to make more laws or should the search for a solution be re-directed to focus beyond laws? I considered proposals away from the rule-based ethical regime. I concluded that rule based ethical regime is not sufficient for the betterment of the ethical conduct of Kenyan judges. That virtue ethics should be included in the judges training and supervision to having judges who are and can be said to be ethically flourishing in fact and indeed. This should be able to deliver responsiveness to the ethical conduct expected of judges by the people of Kenya as expressly and impliedly put in the enactments. I argue for the introduction of virtue ethics in the judges’ ethical regime not as a substitute to rule-based ethics but as a complement though taking primacy and remaining true to its valid dream that in the fullness of time it will render the latter redundant.
An Analysis of mothers’ perceptions of their children from the perspective of Wojtyla’s concept of child as a gift
(Strathmore University, 2017) Maingi, Caroline Shisubili
In the African context, childbirth is highly valued and child bearing is perceived as a key element in social respect and hierarchy. This paper sought to investigate how mothers’ perceive their own children with regard to their socioeconomic conditions and find out the connection between socioeconomic factors and a mother’s appreciation of her child in the county of Nairobi, Kenya. Since great efforts are made to conceive a child, which manifests an awareness of the fact that to have a child is a gift, does a child still seem as a gift in the face of varying socioeconomic factors. The view of child as gift has significantly changed in modern society. In will further analyze a mother’s appreciation of her child in view of Wojtyla’s concept of person as a gift based on his phenomenological approach. The investigation utilized phenomenological methodology to form descriptive themes. Respondents were selected who self-identified as from three different socioeconomic backgrounds. These were young professional mothers, mothers from low income areas of Nairobi and mothers who have children with physical challenges in Nairobi city. Purposive sampling was used, employing maximum variation sampling method with a sample size of fifteen respondents which aims at capturing and describing the central theme. In-depth interviews were conducted using a set of questions that were applied in a flexible and individual manner. The data was interpreted using a 5 step method that included bracketing, delineating units of meaning, clustering themes, summarizing each interview and extracting general as well as unique themes and finally making a composite summary of the findings. While the results of the connection between a mother’s economic status and her appreciation of her child as a gift were highlighted, the findings revealed that despite the socioeconomic factors prevailing, mothers still considered their children as gift.
An analysis of principals' instructional leadership role: a case of Gatundu District
(Strathmore University, 2014) Owenga, Sophia Nekesa
Leadership today deals with complex phenomena because of the complexity of industrial, social or political organization, globalization and technological advancement especially in information technology. Research on effective schools points to the crucial role leaders play in establishing and monitoring quality schools for all students. This study examined the various leadership roles of a school principal as an instructional leader. The objectives of the study were: to investigate the current instructional leadership skills practiced by the principals, to identify the influence of the principals' instructional leadership skills on the school performance, to identify the challenges that principals face in executing their leadership roles and to recommend strategies for improvement on the challenges. This study was a survey carried out in sixteen government and four private owned secondary schools in Gatundu District which now falls under Kiambu County. Some schools were sampled to represent the entire district and a descriptive survey research design was used. The data collection instruments included questionnaires, records and observation. The target population was a total of twenty secondary schools that were sampled through purposive sampling. The two research questions addressed by the study were answered using descriptive statistics. The results showed that principals in Gatundu District showed high level of instructional leadership responsibility but they missed out on some important skills like teamwork i.e. cultivating amicable relationships with stakeholders, sensitizing board of management and communities on the importance of supporting principals. The researcher recommended that principals should get a firm grip of their school curriculum in order to be able to offer useful advice/ assistance to the teachers, since one can only give what he/she has. In order to have teachers who can impart the right knowledge and also meet the challenges of being teachers at every point in time, they must be engaged in several staff development programmes to constantly update their knowledge hence funding should be given to principals to run the programmes. If the recommendations are well effected, ,it will be apparent that schools will have improved instructional leadership practices, improved academic performance, improved teacher performance, and reduce student truancy.
An analysis of the appreciation of the beautiful and its place in daily living as understood by university students in Nairobi County
(Strathmore University, 2015) Kariuki, Esther Wangeci
This investigation has been an attempt to get to the root cause why many Kenyans appear to have little concern for a beautiful physical environment in terms of urban cleanliness, order, and courtesy in the transport sector. The experience in many parts of Kenya especially the capital city of Nairobi bespeak of chaos especially with regard to the apparent deficiency in the planning and construction of buildings, open gutters and display of sales, disposal of waste which more often than not mercilessly litter the city. In an effort to capture the mindset of the ordinary Kenyan in these matters, this researcher reached out to a portion of the urban population through a survey administered on university students in order to gauge their appreciation of the aesthetical and to find out if they associate aesthetics to ethics in their daily living. The survey was administered to 70 students in 6 private and public universities. The results of the survey were analyzed using library resources such as journals, books and research papers. The results revealed that there in an essential appreciation of beautiful things and beautiful environment among university students. However there are cultural, social and educational elements that undermine the concern for or the maintenance of good physical environment when one has to choose where to live and how to live there. The results also reveal that there is a dire need to foster a sense of harmony and order, cleanliness, maintenance and repair during the formative years of young people at the different educational levels to prepare them to appreciate and be responsible for the harmony and order in the urban environments. This study will be of immense benefit to the education department in curriculum planning and development, as well as in understanding an overlooked aspect of the human person which is just as important as science and technology. The study will also be of benefit to urban planners in order to make allowances for the absolute humanizing role of aesthetics and ethics underlying building and construction. Urban planners may find answers for the inclusion of facilities which humanize such as open green spaces, proper sewage systems, allowances of household laundry and storage facilities which lead to the appreciation of the beautiful in daily living.
An Analysis of the extent to which the Kenya basic education Act (2013) provides for parental choice to homeschool: the primary and central role of parents as educators.
(Strathmore University, 2018) Gathure, Thomas Mundia
Education in Kenya has witnessed a shift in ownership and management in the last 100 years. It has shifted from parents and community in the pre-colonial period to foreign missionaries and now to the State. While the State assumes a more primary and central role in the control of education, a new problem arises regarding choice and freedoms for other stakeholders. The recent enactment of the Kenya Basic Education Act, 2013 following the promulgation of the Constitution of Kenya, 2010 has presented one such scenario in the primary and central role of the State in education as compared to that of parents. The Act fails to recognise a legitimate and credible option of education - homeschooling - while at the same time criminalising the failure to take children to the prescribed schools in the Act. This raises questions as to the philosophical foundation underpinning the Act that could be contributing to this position. Due to the study’s philosophical focus on understanding meanings and beliefs as well as the nature of the research questions, a qualitative research approach (a desk review supported by questionnaires and interviews) was selected. The research questions, measurable indicators and research findings were defined and interpreted in light of the philosophy of Jacques Maritain (an influential philosopher of education and participant of the drafting of the United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights).The research findings confirmed the effects of a limited philosophical foundation of the Act in its understanding of education, the place where education takes place, disproportionate roles vested on the State as compared to other stakeholders as well as the limited reflection of freedoms enshrined in the Constitution that support homeschooling. The study recommends a total overhaul of the philosophical foundation in which the Act is based to ensure any amendments are well guided and contextualised. Formulators of the Act could benefit from further study to understand the nature of homeschooling and ways to accommodate and support it for parents who choose it.
An Analysis of the role of the police service in counterterrorism operations in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2021) Waringa, James Njoroge
This study explored the role of the Kenya Police Service in counterterrorism operations, specifically examining and analyzing the factors underlying the continued terrorism attacks in Kenya despite various counterterrorism measures by the government. It equally examined and analyzed the effects of intra and inter-institutional coordination and intelligence sharing constraints on police counterterrorism operations in Kenya. Using quasi-experimental research designs, the study examined the place of strategic intelligence and coordination issues in respect of counterterrorism operations by the Kenya Police. Kenya continues to suffer terrorist attacks associated with the Al Qaeda and its affiliate networks in the region, particularly the Al Shabab group, which is mainly domiciled in Somalia. These attacks have left hundreds of people dead and scores injured, especially following Kenya’s military intervention in Somalia beginning in October 2011. Operationalizing the variant of Contingency Theory, the study argues that the continuity of terror attacks is a function of Al Shabab’s ability to protect and deny internal security agencies access to their operational intelligence. It equally argues that the inability of the police to counter terror attacks is a function of absence of enhanced intra and inter institutional coordination and cooperation in intelligence sharing. This study finds that there is a lapse of coordination and cooperation in information sharing within and among the state's national security agencies. Consequently, this study gives recommendations for a pragmatic counterterrorism strategy for the National Police Service in Kenya.
Anthropological foundation of the levels of happiness : Robert Spitzer, Abraham Maslow and Leonardo Polo
(Miscelanea Poliana, ) Branya, John
The purpose of this paper is to see how Leonardo Polo’s Transcendental Anthropology can give a foundation to the levels of happiness of Robert Spitzer, in his work: Healing the Culture and the hierarchy of basic needs of Abraham Maslow. Spitzer distinguishes four levels of happiness according to the inner tendencies of the human being, which he names in Latin as “laetus, felix, beatitudo and gaudio”. Maslow orders the basic human needs from physiological to safety, love, esteem, and finally self actualization. This paper observes that a) both Spitzer and Polo are in agreement with the perennial philosophy views about happiness and b) that Polo gives a trans-metaphysical (transcendental) grounding to a personal consideration of the last two levels analysed by Spitzer and c) that Maslow bases his analysis in dynamic psychology, and tends to mix Spitzers’ last three levels in his three last levels of needs.
An Assessment of maintenance of physical and environmental resource and strategies for improvement. a case of Rae girls school Nyando District
(Strathmore University, 2008) Olueya, George O.
The main problem of this study is that despite the crucial role of maintenance in enhancing durability and use or physical; and environmental resources, performance of maintenance in schools has been quite dismal. Overriding factors resulting to this dismal performance of physical and environmental resources have not been adequately investigated and clearly understood therefore inhibiting an elaborate and continuous maintenance plan for schools. In this regard the purpose or this study was to understand and assess the current state of maintenance or physical and environmental resources and to detail action strategies for improvement in a selected secondary school, Rae Girls Secondary, lower Nyakach division, Nyando District,Nyanza province. This is an action research ·focusing of Rae Girls Secondary School, the researcher’s station of work. Another neighboring school was also studied for purposes of comparison. Views on further improvement of maintenance were also sought. Prom the sample school about 140 students \ivcrc selected from form I - IV. Data was collected using a questionnaire fi·om the head teacher, teachers and students. A questionnaire was also administered on the 'head teacher of a neighboring school to provide information that can be used for comparison. Semi-structured interview schedules were administered on the bursar, maintenance staffs and the driver as well as the storekeeper. Focused group discussion was used ;md involved the researcher and first group and second groups. In the group discussion views on maintenance of physical and environmental resources was sought and they contributed immensely on what improvement should be made. An observation checklist was also used to investigate and assess the current state and type of maintenance carried out. The researcher also used unwritten evidence by focusing on the appearance of building classrooms, furniture, textbooks and other vital facilities. Also the researcher used existing clues, carried out investigation and inspected the classes, desks, chairs, floors and walls by looking for signs or breakage of glass windows, furniture, graffiti or writings on the walls. Data was collected and analyzed using a descriptive case study approach in accordance with the research questions and objectives. The current state of maintenance was ar1alyzed and examined vis-a-vis the financial and human resources available. Plans for improvements have also been highlighted alongside the available maintenance resources and plans.
An Assessment of socially responsible behaviour of motorists in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2019) Njuguna, Paul Muiyuro
Road accidents are a major challenge globally and a cause of social and economic losses both in developed and developing countries. In Kenya close to 3,000 people die every year in road accidents, and the trend in recent years shows that the number is on the rise. Implementation of road safety initiatives in Kenya is skewed towards authoritative enforcement of rules and the associated punishments intended to motivate adherence and deter ‘deviant’ behaviour by motorists. An approach to road safety where the motorist’s actions are guided purely by the law is however inherently limited by the finite presence of law enforcers on the roads. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relevance of Socially Responsible Behaviour (SRB) and virtue as a complement to the existing road safety efforts in Kenya, and how these could influence motorists’ adherence to road safety requirements. Data was collected from motorists using a mixed methodology, with both quantitative surveys and in-depth qualitative interviews to investigate the perceptions to dimensions such as personal responsibility, intrinsic motivation and the impact of an individual’s actions on the society. The outcomes of the study shed light on the applicability of a virtue-based approach towards road safety, and may be used by policy makers in the transport sector to integrate into the existing road safety framework.
An Assessment of the contribution of teaching ethics at Strathmore University to the ethical development of undergraduate students
(Strathmore University, 2020) Manyuru, Paschal Juma
Various studies in Kenya and other countries show the importance of ethics and ethical conduct in virtually all spheres of life. Unlike most Kenyan universities, Strathmore University teaches ethics to all its undergraduate students. The researcher set out to investigate the objectives of the teaching of ethics and the students’ perception towards the course. He also wanted to examine the contribution of the course towards making students become more ethical, based on their own assessment. The current generation of 4th year students was selected because of their “nearness”, in terms of time, to joining the labour market where they will be confronted with ethical dilemmas that exist in virtually all professions. The contribution of the teaching of ethics was the focus of this study. The researcher used a mixed method research design where both quantitative and qualitative data collection tools were used. The findings gathered from in-depth interview discussions, questionnaires and focus group discussions were analysed and evaluated in the context of the Aristotelian Virtue Ethics Model whose background is supported by the philosophy of the human person. The outcomes of the study shed light on the contribution of the teaching of ethics towards making undergraduate students at Strathmore University more ethical persons. The study may be used by other universities to include ethics courses in their undergraduate education curriculum.
An Assessment of the role of teaching and support staff in maintenance of resources: a case of Majengo secondary school, Bondo district, Nyanza province in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2007) Othieno, Indira Ogonjo
Provision of appropriate resources is essential in running a successful school. These resources are important for the implementation of the school curriculum. There is need to have them maintained for continuous use. This study was therefore aimed at assessing the role of the teaching and support staff in the process of maintaining the resources that they use. The assessment was done by use of questionnaires for the staff and interview schedule for the staff and interview schedule for the head teacher. The study targeted Majengo Secondary School in Bondo District of Nyanza Province.The sampling technique used m this study was purposive sampling. The data were analysed by developing frequency distribution and tabulating responses and percentages were used in drawing conclusions from data. From the study, it was clear that the staff participated slightly in maintaining the resources. It also came out clearly that they are not satisfied with role they are allowed to play. The study further recommended that the staff could be more involved in the process by being given enough resources to use. Their views should also be considered when making changes. They also suggested the use of a maintenance form. The study finally made suggestions for further research based on the findings.
Attitudes toward the learning of clothing and textiles among students in selected secondary schools in Westland’s Sub-county
(Strathmore University, 2019) Kudwoli, Shibutse Caroline A.
The making, use, and wear of clothing is exclusively a human characteristic. This study sought to determine the attitudes toward learning of Clothing and Textiles among students in selected secondary schools in the Westland’s Sub-county. The aim was specifically to establish factors that influence the formation of student attitudes towards learning Clothing and Textiles from the perspective of teachers and students and to explore measures that can be put in place to improve students' attitudes towards the study of Clothing and Textiles. A descriptive and mixed-method research design was used. Data were collected from eight teachers, 192 students, and six key informants who participated as respondents. Questionnaires were used to gather the information required together with key informant interviews. The study established that the lack of user-friendly machines, the inadequacy of time for practical lessons, the inadequacy of time allocated for speed test exams, the adequacy of machines allocated to the students for practical work, lack of early exposure to needlework practical, peer pressure and stigma were some of the main factors. An intensive review of the home science curriculum was recommended. Redistribution of the Clothing and Textiles syllabus content from Form 1 to Form 4, adequate provision of teaching and learning resources particularly for the practical sessions, and in-servicing of Home Science teachers were also recommended. Further research was suggested on the barriers to access, and participation of males at both teacher and student levels, and on the attitudes of learners in rural settings towards the subject.
Benchmarking the philosophy of Nigerian policy on education with the United Nations’ sustainable development goals and traditional ethical principles of the social doctrine of the Catholic Church
(Strathmore University, 2018) Chidozie, Ihekwoaba Michael Festus
This dissertation seeks to benchmark the philosophy of Nigeria’s education policy with the United Nations’ sustainable development goals as well as the traditional ethical principles of the social doctrine of the Catholic Church, with the primary aim of identifying where there is a total, partial or zero relation for a possible improvement of Nigeria’s education policy philosophy. Igbuzor (2006) in stressing the importance of education stated that “Education is a human right that should be accorded to all human beings solely by reason of being human”.The utmost importance attached to education in Nigeria was clearly emphasized in the National Policy on Education (NPE, 2004). The Federal Republic of Nigeria, in this policy, adopted education as an instrument "par excellence" for effecting national development. But despite the government's commitment to education, the quality of education in Nigerian schools has been declining tremendously, thereby giving successive government's serious concern. The question has become, what is wrong with the Nigeria educational system? The investigation utilized a philosophical approach that leverages on a personalistic anthropology which underscores the centrality of the person as the primary focus of investigation. This involves the systematic identification, location, and analysis of documents containing information related to the research problem. The researchers use the information derived to evaluate whether the philosophy of Nigerian education policy can be improved.While the results of the benchmarking of the philosophy of Nigeria’s education policy against the United Nations’ development goals as well as the traditional ethical principles of the social doctrine of the Catholic Church were highlighted, the findings revealed that there are areas where the NPE philosophy needs partial and total improvement at the same time.
Border diplomacy and territorial disputes in the IGAD Region: a case study of Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2020) Ndirangu, Josphat Gitonga
Territorial disputes have serious ramifications on the national security of the State especially when not effectively addressed. Africa and the Horn of Africa are prone to border related conflicts owing to the colonial borders that were inherited upon independence and which do not reflect the ethnic and religious diversities that existed prior to colonization. This study investigated territorial threats in the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development region with special focus on Kenya. It also focused on specific border threats and how Kenya policy makers have responded to the threats using border diplomacy as the focal point. The study used a conceptual of analysis in order meet its goals and objectives. The study aimed at establishing if border diplomacy has been fully utilised to resolve existing territorial disputes that have faced Kenya. In doing so, both primary and secondary data was collected in the research. Interviews were conducted to gather primary data from key stakeholders in the field of border diplomacy and national security. Data collected was analysed using framework analysis. The study found out that territorial disputes present great security challenges to the national security of Kenya. These disputes are largely triggered by the trans-boundary resources with the underlying cause being the colonial legacy of borders drawing. Largely, Kenya has employed a mix of hard and soft approaches when dealing with territorial disputes. However, it was established that the country has not been aggressive enough in using diplomacy to resolve the current territorial disputes with Somalia and Uganda. The study recommends aggressive application of border diplomacy by Kenya in order to effectively address the territorial disputes that faces the country.
Bridge over troubled water phenomenologizing Filipino College deans’ ethical dilemmas in academic administration
(Sage Journals, 2013-03) Catacutan, Maria Rosario G.; de Guzman, Allan B.
This phenomenological study intends to capture and describe Filipino college deans’ lived experiences of ethical dilemmas as they carry out their work as administrators. Using semi-structured in-depth interviews and following Collaizzi’s method, data was collected and subjected to cool and warm analyses yielding a set of themes and sub-themes that typify what these deans consider to be ethical dilemmas. The resulting ‘Wheel’ of School Leaders’ Ethical Dilemmas depicts the nature of the dilemmas faced by these deans, the critical incidents which trigger the onset of the dilemmas, and the value conflicts that are embedded in them. This article intends to add to the growing body of research on ethical decision making in educational management, particularly on the ethical dilemmas faced by Filipino college deans. At a practical level, the findings of this study provide valuable resource to assist practicing and aspiring deans to be more adept in identifying the moral and ethical dimensions of their work as academic administrators. Finally the findings of this study could serve as a knowledge base for curriculum planners in designing ethics courses offered in educational leadership programs in the Philippines to develop academic leaders’ competencies and skills in ethical decision making.
Business ethics and wealth creation: a response to Georges Enderle
Gichure, Christine Prof.
The paper of Profess or Enderle regarding Business Ethics and wealth creation, after discussing the various meanings of wealth and creation, goes on to highlight the author's personal experience of the poverty condition of the marginalized persons in South America, a subcontinent with a predominant Catholic population.

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