MPPM Thesis and Dissertations (2021)

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A Review of government fiscal policies on maize production in Kenya: 1998- 2017
(Strathmore University, 2021) Barasa, Teresa Nakhungu
The government of Kenya expends on maize production- a fiscal policy measure- to meet the growing demand for maize owing to population growth and to safeguard our national food security. Post-independence, the government regulated the maize subsector up until the structural adjustment programs liberalized the maize market. The study is a review of fiscal policies on factors of production in the maize subsector. Market failure pervaded by maize shortage persists, threatening our food resilience. An average of 30% of the population is at risk of a food crisis from a maize shortage. Pareto efficiency remains elusive in maize production owing to fixity in the input factors. The ensuing market failure characterized by maize deficits provides a rationale for government intervention. It is on this basis that the study sought to review fiscal policies, specifically government expenditure for maize production. This review was undertaken for 20 fiscal years and maize production with statistics from budget statements for the period 1998 to 2017. Exploratory data, correlation, and contents analysis were undertaken on maize production indicators and budget statements respectively. The review established arbitrary fiscal policy measures on factors of production by the government for maize production continued shortages and a growing import incidence. This is despite a linear relationship between maize consumption and food insecurity. The study recommends a systemic legislative framework and government spending on land, labor, and capital promoting maize production for national food security.
The Relationship between government spending on health and mortality from Non-Communicable Diseases: a global level panel data analysis (2000-2016)
(Strathmore University, 2021) Njuguna, Benson Ng’ang’a
Non-communicable diseases (NCD) cause the most death and disability globally, posing a significant public health threat, with detrimental impact on productivity and economic growth. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.4 targets reducing NCD related mortality by one third by 2030. In order to accomplish this, domestic government expenditure on health (GEH) has been proposed as a key policy tool to expand access to quality healthcare and reduce premature NCD mortality. GEH as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) varies between countries at the global, regional and income group level, however the relationship between domestic GEH and premature mortality from NCDs is currently unknown. This study objectives were to investigate the relationship between domestic GEH and premature NCD mortality from the four major NCDs, the mediating role of access to quality healthcare on this relationship, and the moderating role of country income grouping on this relationship. The study used panel data regression analysis to analyse country level secondary data for the years 2000-2016 for countries which are signatory to the UN SDG. Both fixed and random effects estimations were conducted, with the Wu Hausman test used to identify the most appropriate model. This study found an inverse relationship between domestic GEH and premature NCD mortality, controlling for private expenditure on health, per capita GDP, tertiary education level, and government effectiveness, with a coefficient of -0.049 (p value < 0.01) under a fixed effects assumption, which was favoured by the Wu Hausman test. The study also found no role of access to quality healthcare, as measured using the health access and quality index (HAQI) metric as a mediator in the relationship between domestic GEH and premature NCD mortality. Finally, the study found that country income grouping was a strong moderator in the relationship, becoming stronger and more significant as country income grouping rose. The findings of this study are instructive to policy makers, particularly in ministries of health and ministries of finance on the inverse relationship between domestic GEH and mortality from NCD and provides data in support of the calls to increase public spending on health, particularly given the health and economic benefits attainable from reducing NCD morbidity and mortality and achieving SDG 3.4.
An Assessment of the efficacy of public policy frameworks on social enterprises in Kenya: challenges and opportunities for growth
(Strathmore University, 2021) Padwa, Damar Akinyi
The social enterprise phenomenon has become notable in stature as a public policy agenda globally and nationally as a new model for responding to failures in market and public service delivery. Kenya and South Africa are at the forefront of this phenomenon in Africa but little is known on the influence of policy frameworks on the growth of social enterprises in Kenya. The study considers policy frameworks as the current legal forms and structures in which social enterprises operate. The main objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of public policy frameworks on social enterprises in Kenya. The specific objectives are to examine how the current policy frameworks influence the growth of social enterprises in Kenya; assess the challenges affecting the growth of social enterprises in Kenya; and explore the policy interventions that could provide opportunities for growth of social enterprises in Kenya. This study adopted a qualitative approach as it focused on selecting information rich cases who gave in-depth insights on the subject at hand. The study used an interview guide for data collection. Content and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data collected, with the results being presented in a narrative report with context description and themes taken from the respondents. The findings from this study show that the current policy frameworks do not have specific social enterprise policy domains that would promote the growth of social enterprises in Kenya. The study found a myriad of challenges affecting the growth of social enterprises, notably: lack of awareness and availability of public funding opportunities, lack of access to private investment funds, inappropriate taxation mechanisms, inadequate business support and knowledge share, and limited access to markets. The study recommends that the existing frameworks and structures should be expanded to define social enterprises and strengthened with policy domains that would promote the growth of social enterprises. The study also recommends that within the existing frameworks, a social enterprise entity under the auspices of a coordinating ministry, with actors drawn from intersecting government agencies and the social enterprise sector would adequately support the growth of social enterprises.
Assessment of the factors influencing the implementation of Public Private Partnerships in the Road Annuity Program in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2021) Onyinkwa, Justus Morara
Globally, most governments are handicapped in terms of developing public infrastructure from exchequer funding alone. Paradoxically, however, the demand for these facilities is on the rise. Consequently, attention is today turning to the adoption of the public private partnership (PPP) investment model that taps into the private sector capitation through dedicated policy frameworks. This is the case in Kenya, where the government recently developed a road annuity program (RAP) to construct 10,000 kilometers of roads. RAP being a relatively new development concept, this study aims to assess the factors that are potentially having a significant influence on the successful implementation of a PPP investment model such as RAP. From the literature review, 39 factors clustered around five themes were identified and were assessed. In an attempt to fill this knowledge gap, the study sought to know the influence of these 39 factors (five themes) on the implementation of RAP as well as the relationship between the five themes. Using a 5-point Likert Scale questionnaire tool, the study targeted to capture the opinions of 60 purposely sampled stakeholders on an ordinal score ranging from 1 to 5 for each of the 39 factors. For validation of the results, the study conducted in parallel a face to face interview on 10 experts selected from the 60 stakeholders using strategically prepared talk notes. A total of 55 responses were returned. The same were cleaned and analyzed using MS Excel, IBM version 25 Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for quantitatively using exploratory data analysis through box-plots and Spearman Rank correlation. As a check, NVivo software for qualitative data analysis was deployed on face to face interview transcripts to validate the non-parametric analysis results. From the descriptive statistical analysis, the mean score of both the 15 (27%) private sector actors and 40 (73%) public sector actors, it was established that item number 23, specifically, "High investment capital threshold is discouraging our local companies" is the most influencing factor from both the private (with a mean score of 4.00) and public sector actors (with a mean score of 4.10) including the combined score of both at a mean of 4.07. The factor was again captured as an outlier in the box-plot on the whisker lines of both public and combined mean scores. This view was again validated from the analysis of the face to face interview transcripts as well as by the computation of the Spearman Rank coefficient which returned positive and significant on the relationship between 39 factors(5 themes) influencing RAP implementation from both the private and public sector realms. The study has contributed to the knowledge around the fact that investment threshold is a key determinant in the implementation of RAP projects. The study, therefore, makes a recommendation for a new study on how to improve the Public Private Partnerships policy framework to tweak the investment capitation threshold. This can be done by the Government by forming an Infrastructure Development Finance Company composed of banks and financial institutions to finance the markets hence encouraging the local companies to be involved in PPP project since this will boost their capacity and minimize risks in general.
Factors affecting sustainability of financing Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2021) Mutua, Vivianne
Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is an essential element of Skill management and has a fundamental part to play in achieving sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting sustainability of financing of TVET in Kenya. The study was conducted in the Higher Education Loans Board since it is the body that grants loans to TVET institutions. The objectives of the study were to determine the effect of financing policy and regulations, financial diversity, employability of graduates and graduates’ attitudes towards government loans on the sustainability of financing of TVET in Kenya. The study used a descriptive research design, and the population of interest was 113 employees. Stratified random sampling was used to come up with 88 respondents. The research predominantly utilized primary data in form of questionnaires. Secondary data in form of reports and publications was also utilized. The questionnaires comprised of both close and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics was employed in the analysis of data while regression analysis was employed in establishing the relationship amongst the studied variables. The findings show that there existed a moderate positive relationship between financing policy and regulations on sustainability of financing and there was accountability of the funds allocated to TVET programmes, compliance with financial policy and regulations governing the award of TVET loans. There was a positive relationship between financial diversity on sustainability of financing of TVET and there was a higher dependence on government own funding to fund TVET programmes. There was a positive relationship between employability of graduates on sustainability of financing of TVET and the inability to pay due to unemployment is a major factor that affects TVET programmes sustainability. Graduates’ attitudes towards government loans has a positive influence on sustainability of financing of TVET in Kenya and future earnings of graduate students influence TVET loans repayment. The study recommends that the government through HELB should review the policy on penalties levied on defaulters to control how and when penalties are charged to curb ever rising loan default. The policy should provide framework to protect unemployed undergraduate beneficiaries from being charged penalties until when they secure employment. The study also recommends that HELB should introduce a reward scheme for those who finish paying their loan on record time; this will instill motivation towards repayment of HELB loan in Kenya. The study recommends that HELB should escalate on their seminars and sensitization forums to sensitize graduates to repay their loans.
Factors influencing pupils’ retention in public primary schools: a case of Trans Mara East Sub-County– Narok County, Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2021) Kipkemboi, John
Education plays a vital part in the growth and progression of any country’s economy. Kenya has implemented free primary education on three separate occasions. The policy aimed to upsurge the enrolment rate in public primary schools in the nation and enhance their retention rate in these institutions. However, the policy has faced several challenges, which have resulted in a decrease in the retention rates of pupils in these schools. The study aimed to analyze the factors influencing the retention of pupils in public primary schools in Trans Mara East Sub-county of Narok County. The study's specific objectives were: to assess the influence of economic factors, geographical factors, and socio-cultural factors on the retention of pupils in public primary schools in Trans Mara East Sub-county. The researcher utilized a descriptive research design to determine the association existing amid dependent and independent variables. The target populace for the study comprised of school heads, parents, pupils, board and committee members and sub-county directors in Trans Mara Sub-county. The total target population was 2029. The investigator utilized a multistage sampling method where stratified and convenience sampling methods were utilized to select different sizes of samples for the investigation. Questionnaires were employed in collecting primary data from the sub-county. Inferential and descriptive statistics were used to present the results. The study’s outcomes are expected to benefit the ministry of education, school administrators, County government of Narok and future researchers. The findings revealed that separately, economic, social, cultural, and geographical proximity positively and significantly influence learner retention. However, when all the variables are combined, only social-cultural factors had a significant predictive ability to influence learner retention. Overall, the study concluded that economic factors, social-cultural factors and geographical proximity have a positive and significant relationship influence on learner retention. Based on the findings, the study recommended that the national government in collaboration with the Narok County government, should make policies aimed at enhancing the economic actitivies of the people living in this region, should also advocate for family planning to ensure that parents give birth to children that they can provide quality basic life, should eliminate female genital mutilation, early marriages, and support both girl and boy education. They should build more schools, improve the infrastructure of existing schools, and ensure the availability of quality school facilities such as toilets.
Critical success factors and implementation of public private partnership projects in the energy sector in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2021) Ndile, Medrine Mueni
The aim of this study is to assess the influence of critical success factors on the implementation of public private partnership projects in the energy sector in Kenya. Public Private Partnership projects have been critical for a steady and speedy economic transformation across the globe including in the developing world. Kenya has also not been an exception to PPP projects. This framework has seen tremendous growth in Kenya’s infrastructure in sectors such as water, agriculture, energy and transport. The implementation of these projects, however, has not been realized as evidenced by increased cases of project stagnation and slow rate of incompletion. This raises the question on whether critical success factors in project management have been adequately employed in these projects, hence the subject of the study. The study specifically sought to assess the effect of project financing on project implementation, the influence of project risk management on project implementation, the influence of project leadership on project implementation and the effect of project information technology on the implementation of PPP projects. The study was informed by three major theories which are contingency theory of leadership, resource dependence theory, and Frank Knight’s theory of project risk management. The target population for this study are Eldosol and Garissa solar power projects. Key project personnel include project managers and supervisors were the units of observation for the study. The study purposively sampled 40 respondents drawn from the two projects. A structured questionnaire was used as the main instrument for the research data collection. This was administered through online platforms. The collected data was analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS software. The findings from the study revealed that project financing through adequate budgeting, enhancing accountability and ensuring timely disbursements positively influenced the implementation of the PPP projects. Project risk management through analysis and identification of the risks and employing risk control measures was also found to influence project implementation. The findings revealed that project leadership and adoption of information technology are critical success factors that positively and significantly influence project implementation. The study concludes that project financing, project risk management, project leadership and information technology are critical aspects that influence the implementation of public private partnership projects in the energy sector in Kenya.
Status of county adoption of national level policies on climate governance in select counties in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2021) Mugambi, Joy Kawira
Climate change is the biggest global environmental threat largely attributed to human activity as well as classic market failures of allocation, control and use of natural resources. Climate governance lays out modalities through which institutional interests are articulated, coordinated and negotiated, through formal and informal mechanisms for sustainable development. For Kenya domestication of policies in counties started after the 2013 devolution. This study examined the status of county adoption of National level policies on climate governance. It used a mixed scanning model informed by the political economy theory and systems theory to examine the extent of policy domestication, existing county climate governance structures, institutional capacity, barriers and enablers to climate governance. It involved primary data collection through key informants, and secondary data review for five target counties in Kenya involved in climate governance projects, with a variation of arid and semi-arid regions. It utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods and applied a descriptive-analytical approach. Results indicate low to medium policy domestication rates, low policy domestication capacities given lack of climate change units, low staffing capacities, limited technical knowledge, low access to climate finance, technology transfer, and limited private-sector engagements. This study concludes that political economy is salient to climate governance and supports previous findings that asymmetric power relations and low capacity for negotiations of climate finance and technological transfer characterizes climate governance in the Global South. Weak or non-existent governance institutions seven years into devolution perpetuates lack of citizen agency and slow policy domestication. Counties should prioritize overarching policy that then gives guidance to lower-level sector policies, e.g., in agriculture, energy for coherence and synergies, followed by selection of policy alternatives based on policy packages that deliver optimum outcomes. Technical and financial support, peer pressure and political goodwill contribute to policy adoption. Regional Economic Blocs can be targeted for policy domestication support for greater bargaining and negotiation power, and optimal outcomes. Deliberate efforts should be put in place to establish and operationalize county climate governance structures.
Effect of workforce diversity practices on the performance of Bungoma County Government
(Strathmore University, 2021) Sifuna, Diana Nekoye
Diversity is the variety or multiplicity of demographic features that characterize a company’s workforce, particularly in terms of age, gender, culture, national origin, handicap, and religion. In some countries, it has come about as government legislation to ensure equity in sharing of available employment opportunities due to high levels of unemployment. Diversity of the workforce has a significant effect on the performance of the organization. The general objective of the study was to determine the influence of workforce diversity practices on the county government performance of Bungoma. Bungoma county government has 6248 employees that formed the population under study. The sample involved 54 employees from the directorate of the human resource, and they were classified into 3 strata of management. The study employed a descriptive research design in data collection and data analysis was done using SPSS version 19. The findings showed that there was a significant relationship between workforce diversity practices with county government performance. The county had more than half of its workforce being youthful (58%). The workforce had an intellectual diversified pool that was well educated and finally, there was awareness of the two-thirds gender rule – a legislative provision in Kenya’s governance system. The model that was used in estimating the relationship between workforce diversity practices and county government performance confirmed that the levels and practices of diversity in the workforce would explain 33.9% of the variation in county performance.
Evaluating the role of the wealth declaration system in fighting corruption in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2021) Ogada, Imelda Aluoch
Recently, many developed and developing countries have embarked on a thorough re-evaluation of the role of government in their societies. Flowing from this, a redefinition of the political-administrative relationship has evolved, designed to ensure greater accountability and a greater devolution of power. Governance is concerned with structures and processes for decision-making, accountability, control and behavior at the top of organizations. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the wealth declaration system and its role in fighting corruption in Kenya. The specific objectives that guided the study were: To establish the compliance level of wealth declaration users in Kenya; Establish the enforcement outcomes of wealth declaration users in Kenya; Determine the awareness level of wealth declaration by users in Kenya; Investigate the effect of verification of declared forms on perceived corruption levels and to Assess the impact of the public disclosure policy on perceived corruption levels. The research was anchored on theory of reasoned action and institutional theory. The research design that was used for this is a mixed methodology which is both quantitative and qualitative. The target population for the study were enforcers and users of the wealth declaration system. These included independent offices, commissions, selected counties, and specific state departments. The study used purposive sampling to select ten (10) institutions and random sampling to select 10 employees in each of the institutions to form a sample size of 100. Date was collected using structured questionnaire. Data collected was cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. The study found that public disclosure, compliance level and enforcement outcomes, awareness level of wealth declaration and verification of declared forms have positive and significant effect on the fight against corruption in Kenya. The study therefore concludes that although the asset declaration process has been ‘successfully enforced’ and that the compliance levels are high, the users (public officers) have been participating in the process as a formality and to avoid sanctions that come with non-compliance. The study recommends that Verification, Public disclosure and monitoring as tools for enforcement is what the Kenyan government should do to drive the purpose closer to its goal. The study also recommends that the government needs to amend the policy and legislation of the country to allow certain parameters like public disclosure to be legal so that the wealth declaration process can be more effective especially in fighting corruption. Likewise, the wealth declaration process should be automated for easier storage in a central depository system for ease of verification and ease of recognition and amendment of errors for accountability purposes.
An Appraisal of Youth Enterprise Development Fund: challenges and policy options
(Strathmore University, 2021) Kurgat, Bridgit Chepkoech
The Kenyan government like most developing countries has put in place various initiatives that aimed at addressing youth unemployment one of them being the Youth Enterprise Development Fund. The overall goal of the Youth Enterprise Development Fund is to expand the window of opportunities for Kenyan youth to get involved in the growth of the country by encouraging them to be job creators rather than job seekers through providing easy and affordable loans and business development support services to those expanding their enterprises. Youth unemployment rate in Kenya is estimated to be at 18.47 % with 7 million Kenyans entering the job market annually. Further, 9 out of every 10 unemployed Kenyans are below 35 years and the majority are between the age group of 20-24 years. The review aimed to assess the impact of active labour market policies adopted by the government to curb unemployment with specific emphasis on Youth Enterprise Development Fund (YEDF). The specific objectives of the study were; to review Youth Enterprise Framework & identify gaps and emerging issues, identify factors that have undermined the success of youth funds in creating opportunities for the youth and to suggest measures of enhancing effectiveness of youth fund by drawing lessons from other country experiences. The data used cross-sectional and descriptive design and is qualitative in nature. The study population was Youth Enterprise Fund. Purposive sampling was used for key informant interviews. Data collection was conducted by document analysis and Key Informant Interviews of YEDF beneficiaries and staff. Data was transcribed, coded and put in themes, patterns and relationships drawn out. Data evaluation was carried out by scanning data for recurrent words and phrases and contrasting findings from interviews conducted and document analysis with findings from literature review and discussing similarities and differences. The study identified gaps and emerging issues emanating from external and internal factors of the fund’s framework, challenges in the implementation of the fund’s mandate and suggested policy design options based on other country experiences. As a result, the study proposes investment of comprehensive business development support programs, establishment of an effective monitoring and evaluation system and coordination with other government agencies.
Determinants and policy framework for competitiveness of backpacking tourism in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2021) Bundi, Eva Gatwiri
Backpacking tourism has evolved globally but remains under exploited segment in Kenya. Countries with tourism-based economies deploy their comparative and competitive advantages to achieve competitiveness in the tourism sector. The general objective of this study was to assess the determinants and policy framework for competitiveness of backpacking tourism in Kenya through an exploratory survey research. Data collection was done using structured questionnaires from 38 respondents using a stratified random sampling design. The respondents came from staff in the national government tourism agencies, county government tourism departments, tourism research and education institutions, staff in backpacker hostels and members of tourism professional and industry bodies in Kenya. The descriptive analysis involved the use of frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation while inferential analysis involved the application of Pearson Correlation to determine the nature of the relationship between the determinants, policy framework and competitiveness of backpacking tourism. The results indicated that the best performing determinants of Kenya’s competitiveness in backpacking tourism are the unique scenery, landscapes, national parks and reserves, quality and range of activities (nature-based, adventure, recreational), unique architecture, traditional arts and crafts in the destination and the friendliness of the locals towards tourists. There is a notable lack of government support for entrepreneurs in the backpacking tourism segment and poor government pricing policies (taxes, charges & exchange rates) to spur backpacking tourism. The correlation analysis results revealed that there was a positive correlation between the determinants and competitiveness of backpacking tourism and a positive correlation between policy framework and competitiveness of backpacking tourism. There is a need to enhance government policy interventions to promote the backpacking tourism segment. Future studies on a wider scope are recommended considering that this is an area with little information especially in Kenya.
Fiscal and monetary policy nexus: re-examining the effect of government borrowing on interest rates and interest spreads in Kenya
(Strathmore University, 2021) Litunya, Sharon Okwako
The Kenyan economy has experienced an increase in budget deficit and public debt since independence. In the recent past, the government has shifted its focus in financing its deficit from external funding sources to targeting the domestic financial markets. In light of this, this study sought to re-examine the effect of government domestic borrowing on interest rates and interest rate spread. There is limited research on the interactions between fiscal policy variables such as budget deficit and public debt and monetary variables such as interest rates and interest rate spreads. This study sought to fill this research gap. Secondary data from 1989 to 2018 was used for this study comprising of public domestic debt, net credit to government ratio, interest rate spread, interest rates, liquidity ratio, advance to deposit ratio, inflation and GDP growth rates. The study used Autoregressive Distributed Model (ARDL) to investigate the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The findings indicate that in the long run, there is a negative and significant relationship between net credit to government ratio and interest rates and interest rate spreads. In the short run, net credit to government ratio was found to be positively and significantly related to interest rates while the relationship was negative and significant for interest rate spreads. Public domestic debt was found to be positively and significantly related to interest rate spreads in the short run. The implication of the findings is that public debt should be maintained at a reasonable level so that private sector growth is not hindered. Additionally, better coordination between fiscal policy authorities and monetary authorities is recommended.
Assessment of the effect of the devolved governance intervention on early childhood development and education in Samburu County
(Strathmore University, 2021) Kasaine, Moses
The 2010 Constitution bestowed Early Childhood Education Development to the devolved units. Despite this, there are challenges that exist which hinder accessibility to schools. This study sought to assess the effect of devolution on enrolment to early childhood development and education. The specific objectives were to establish the effect of community infrastructural development, impact of county government investment on school facilities, introduction of school feeding program, effect of teaching staff on enrolment to ECDE in the advent of devolution. The study was guided by the theory of change. The descriptive design was adopted. The research targeted 530 ECDE teachers. The sample size was 30% of all teachers, which was 159. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequency distribution, measures of central tendencies (mean and standard deviation). A correlation analysis was used to determine the level of association of variables, while regression analysis was used to establish the relationship between the study variables. The study outcomes revealed a positive and significant relationship between number of classrooms and ECDE enrolment, and number of teachers and ECDE enrolment. The study concluded that the introduction of devolution had led to new infrastructural developments within Samburu County, the county government investment on school facilities was effective in enhancing enrolment to ECDE., the introduction of devolution has resulted to increase in the number of feeding programs in the ECDE centers, and that the introduction of devolution has resulted to hiring of more permanent ECDE teachers. Based on study results, the research recommended that both levels of governments should invest more in infrastructural development, improvement of school facilities, and school feeding programs. Finally, the county government should employ more teachers to ECDE centers.
The Effect of social media interactions on tax compliance: a case study of the Kenya Revenue Authority
(Strathmore University, 2021) Mapesa, Jacqueline
The Kenya Revenue Authority adopted the use of social media as a communication tool in 2016 in a bid to target the middle class Kenyan and the youths who are active users of social media. However, three years after the adoption, the authority still missed its weighted tax compliance rate by six percent in 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. The purpose of the study is to study how KRA can use social media interactions to increase tax compliance rates. The specific objectives are to; determine the effect of social media interactions on the tax compliance rates, establish the effect of social media interactions on taxpayers' attitude on tax compliance and to determine the extent to which social media interactions send the correct message to the taxpayer on tax compliance. The study is anchored on the excellence the01y and the theory of reasoned action. The study used a case study research design where a population of 24 KRA officers in the social media department and 13 7 taxpayers were sampled. Secondary data and primary data were used in the study. Primary data were collected using questionnaires, where secondary data were obtained from KRA social media pages. Data analysis was done using SPSS. A correlation analysis was done and findings was presented through basic descriptive statistics. The study found that KRA has accounts in all social media platforms. The study found that KRA uses its social media platforms to educate taxpayers on different obligations and; to inform taxpayers; and as an avenue of interaction with taxpayers. The study also found a positive effect of social media interaction on taxpayer attitude; knowledge on tax policies and laws; and a positive impact on tax compliance. The study concluded that KRA's brand presence on social media was impo11ant since it helps provide the correct information on tax and in a timely manner. Interactions and queries handled in a timely manner help improve taxpayer’s perception of the KRA brand and impact taxpayer’s perception on tax compliance positively. The study concluded that social media interaction affects taxpayers ' attitude on taxation and positively affects taxpayers' knowledge on tax laws, which increases tax compliance rates and improves revenue collection.
Effect of organizational behaviour modification on service delivery at the immigration department, Kenya.
(Strathmore University, 2021) Gitau, Sankara Caroline
This research established the effect of organizational behavior modification on service delivery at the Immigration department in Nairobi, Kenya. The specific objectives included: a) to find out the effect of reinforcement strategies on service delivery, b) to determine the effect of employees' readiness on service delivery, and c) to establish how aligning objectives of organizational behavior modification with organization goals affect service delivery. The study adopted a descriptive design with a population of 695 respondents. A scientific sampling method was adopted and data was collected using an online questionnaire survey technique. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Specifically, this study conducted a linear regression analysis to illustrate the combined effect of predictor variables on service delivery. The analysis established a significant positive relationship between employees' readiness to change and service delivery (p- value = 0.000 < 0.05). Also, there exists a significant positive relationship between aligning objectives of organizational behavior modification with organization goal and service delivery (p -value = 0.000 < 0.05). However, the study established an insignificant positive relationship between reinforcement strategies and service delivery (p - value = 0.225 >0.05). The implication of the findings of this study to the Immigration department is that behavioral changes require readiness at the individual level. Importantly, the management should also find a way to align the objectives of the behavior modification to organization goals to create a comprehensive and strategic behavioral objective that employees strive to achieve, directly and indirectly, to improve service delivery. The study recommends the need to emphasize behavior modification at an individual and organizational level as it is an area that directly determines the culture of group employees and the organization in general regarding areas of further research, the study recommends other studies to be unde1iaken in other government agencies. There is also a need to identify and include other dimensions of organizational behavior modification and determine how they affect service delivery in public institutions in further research.

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