Border conflict management in Kenya: a case of the Meru-Tharaka Communities

Abstract

Border conflict management in Kenya remains a complex and evolving challenge, particularly in regions like the Meru-Tharaka border regions. The persistent tensions between these communities are deeply rooted in historical, socio-cultural, and environmental factors. Using document analysis and semi-structured interviews, it captured diverse perspectives from local communities, policymakers, and key stakeholders. The study further evaluated the policy and legal frameworks that inform conflict resolution efforts, with a focus on the effectiveness and limitations of local administrative interventions. Additionally, the study explored strategies for fostering dialogue, facilitating joint resource-sharing arrangements, and supporting community-led peacebuilding initiatives. The findings were that while economic competition, particularly over land and resources, remains a significant driver of conflict, deeply ingrained ethnic identity tensions and historical grievances play an equally important, if not more critical, role in sustaining hostilities. The study revealed that local administrative interventions have often been reactive and ineffective, with gaps in policy implementation and coordination. Moreover, the study emphasized the importance of incorporating traditional conflict resolution mechanisms, such as Njuri Ncheke, alongside formal legal frameworks to foster long-term peace. It was concluded that managing communal border conflicts requires a holistic and inclusive approach that integrates both traditional and formal conflict resolution practices. Sustainable peacebuilding in the Meru-Tharaka region depends on addressing not only resource competition but also the underlying ethnic and identity-based tensions. The study highlighted the need for more proactive, community-driven strategies that empower marginalized groups, including women and youth, in peacebuilding efforts. It is therefore recommended that the national and county governments institutionalize a hybrid conflict resolution framework that formally integrates traditional mechanisms with statutory legal systems. Additionally, policies should focus on equitable resource allocation, community-based reconciliation programs, and inclusive governance structures. The study also recommends embedding conflict sensitivity and historical grievance redress into development and land adjudication processes, ensuring the active participation of marginalized communities. KEY WORDS: Meru-Tharaka conflict, border conflict management, community-based peacebuilding, traditional conflict resolution, ethnic tensions