Browsing by Author "Mudida, Robert"
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- ItemDeterminants of access to credit by smallholder farmers in Eastern and Western KenyaKiplimo, Joyce Chemei; Mudida, RobertThe study sought to first determine the level of access to credit financial services, secondly establish the factors that affect smallholder farmer’s access to credit financial services in Eastern and Western Region and finally the major constraints farmers face in accessing credit financial services in the study areas. Structured interviews were used to collect qualitative and quantitative data from the credit financial service providers in the study area. Baseline survey data from International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) was also used to supplement the collected data. Descriptive and Inferential statistics using the logit model were used to analyze the data. The output from the study indicates that 41.76% and 58.24% of the sampled farming households who accessed credit financial services were from Eastern and Western region respectively. The results from the combined logistic regression indicates that, the marginal effects of education level, occupation and access to extension services were statistically significant with positive effects on access to credit financial services in both Eastern and Western Region. On the other hand, total household annual income and the distance to the credit source were statistically significant with negative influence on access to credit financial services in the two regions. Results from the separate logit regression from the Eastern region indicate that the marginal effects of education level, main occupation, group membership and household income were statistically significant with positive effects on access to credit financial services. In the Western Region on the other hand, the logit results indicate that, the marginal effects of education level, main occupation, and distance to the market and access to extension services were statistically significant with positive effects on access to credit financial services. Level of education and main occupation variables were found to be common and significant in both regions. Group membership was however significant in Eastern region but not significant in the combined regression and in the Western Region. The results also show that, risk associated with borrowing, high interest rates and unavailability of credit financial institutions in the study area as among the major constraints smallholder farmers face. Credit financial providers on the other hand, claim that farming is risky, the distance to the farm makes appraisal process very difficult and stringent regulations in the requirement of collateral as major constraints in providing credit financial services to the smallholder farmers.
- ItemEffect of market concentration and competition on the technical efficiency of commercial banks in KenyaMudida, Robert; Olukuru L. John,; Hazel, Ndiho NyandiaMarket structure as represented by market concentration and competition affects the technical efficiency of the banking industry. However, the direction of the relationship between market structure and technical efficiency is mixed given the existence of two opposing schools of thought, specifically the structure-conduct-performance paradigm and the efficient market hypothesis. The purpose of this research study is to determine which of these schools of thought holds in the Kenyan banking industry by studying the impact of bank competition and concentration on the technical efficiency of commercial banks in the country. The study uses interest revenue as a measure of technical efficiency while considering other factors such as bank specific risk and the macroeconomic factors. It seeks to answer the question whether a high market concentration and low market competition leads to excessively high interest revenue. The study is based on a panel dataset of the entire banking population in Kenya ranging from the years 2007-2012. It incorporates the Panzar-Rosse model to obtain the determinants of the interest revenue earned by banks and includes the Herfindahl index as one of the possible determinants. A fixed effects estimation method is employed to determine the significance of market concentration on bank interest revenue. The estimation method also gives rise to the H statistic- a key variable in the Panzar-Rosse model that serves as a measure of market competition. The results reveal that market concentration is not significant in determining the interest revenue earned by banks possibly as a result of the smaller focus that the Panzar-Rosse model directs to the effects of market concentration as represented by the Herfindahl index. They also reveal that the Kenyan banking industry faces a mildly oligopolistic structure with a H statistic of 0.23 which is statistically insignificant from zero. The low level of competition is attributed to market fragmentation as observed by the varying levels of competition from one segment to another. This market fragmentation may be based on size or on the ownership structure of the commercial banks.
- ItemEmerging trends and concerns in the economic diplomacy of African states(Inderscience Publishers, 2012-10-10) Mudida, RobertIncreased globalisation has played a key role in shaping recent trends and concerns in the economic diplomacy of African states. African states are increasingly interested in becoming more relevant actors in the global economy. The economic diplomacy of African states is primarily a diplomacy of development aimed at improving the quality of life of African citizens. Economic diplomacy at both bilateral and multilateral levels is helping to articulate the key concerns of African states. This diplomacy in recent years has been defined by the engagement of African states with non-traditional partners such as China, India and Brazil and also a strong impetus towards greater economic integration within Africa. The renewed economic growth of African states spurred a much bigger middle class and the discovery of new natural resources has helped to create a great economic interest in Africa by both Western and non-Western states that have sought to engage African governments so as to further their own interests in economic diplomacy. In order to enhance the articulation of their economic interests, African states need to overcome key trade and investment barriers that still exist
- ItemEmpirical aspects of capital flight in Kenya, 1970-2009(Navarra Center for International Development, ) Mudida, RobertCapital flight remains a fundamental academic and policy issue for developing countries. During the early 1990s the debt crisis appeared to have been contained and attention to the capital flight phenomenon waned. However, capital flight still remains a serious problem for many developing countries. The outbreak of several major financial crises in the international financial system from the mid-1990s, notably in Latin America and Asia, brought renewed attention to the phenomenon of capital flight. These crises led to large outflows of capital from developing countries and the issue of capital flight regained its importance. In many developing countries capital flight constitutes an important proportion of the very resources that are critical for financing economic growth and reversing adverse economic trends (Hermes, Lensink and Murinde 2002: 1). The magnitude of capital flight from Africa has increased considerably in recent years accompanied by widespread fluctuations and volatility (Salisu 2005: 1). Despite the progress being made by some African economies towards economic and political reforms much more reform deepening is necessary to create a conducive environment for private sector participation generally and capital flight reversal. Kenya is a typical small developing economy and has experienced challenges of trying to contain capital flight.
- ItemIntervento umanitario: un approccio strutturaleMudida, RobertL'intervento umanitario si riferisce alIa minaccia dell'uso della forza fuori dalle frontiere della Stato da parte di uno Stato 0 di un gruppo di Stati che aspira a prevenire o a mettere fine a gravi e diffuse violazioni dei diritti umani fondamentali di individui diversi dai loro cittadini (Holzgrefe, 2003). L'intervento umanitario e spesso messo in atto senza la conoscenza della Stato nel cui territorio la forza viene esercitata, in quanto si tratta dell'intervento di una parte terza in un conflitto. Molti sono stati i dibattiti avvicendatisi nel corso del tempo su cosa sia un intervento umanitario efficace, come nel caso del periodo successivo alIa guerra fredda quando si inten sifico il bisogno di intervenire in diversi luoghi . II presente contributo ha l'intento di mettere in luce come il diritto umanitario per essere efficace debba tentare di indirizzarsi verso quelle debole zze strutturali, interne aIle societ a, che hanno contribuito aIle violazioni dei diritti umani in qualita di cause fondamentali. Quando la gestione del conflitto non si indirizza verso Ie cause fondamentali, eimprobabile che questo risulti effieace. II dilemma dell'intervento umanitario e percio quello dell'impegno a breve termine versus 10 sviluppo a lungo termine . II presente contributo prendera dunque in esame il concetto di violenza strutturale e la necessita di porre sotto revisione proprio Ie strutture anomale in una societa, quale elemento cruciale per la gestione del conflitto a lungo termine.
- ItemAn investigation into the effectiveness of the Central Bank Rate as a key influencer for interest rates in Kenya(Strathmore University, 2012-05) Mwai, Paul Wachira; Mudida, RobertThis study is an investigation of the interest rates market in Kenya as regulated by the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK). The CBK introduced the Central Bank Rate as an instrument to be used in regulating the market interest rates thus cushion the public from excessive charges in interest rates by the banks. Since its introduction in 2006 different analysts have had different views with regard to its effectiveness to regulate the market rates (lending rates); the study explored the relationship of CBR with the lending rates. The general objective of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of the Central Bank Rate as a key factor influencer for interest rates in Kenya. The study was guided by three specific objectives which included: establishing the relationship between the average commercial bank's lending rate (market interest rates) and the CBR; establishing the relationship between the average commercial bank's lending rate and the other interest rates (repo, Treasury bill rate, inter-bank rate). The study was guided by the loanable funds theory. The study used secondary data retrieved from the archives of the Central bank of Kenya and the Kenyan Commercial Banks' records as they are the key lenders and determinants of existing market lending rates as the Central Bank Rate directly affects their borrowing and lending processes. The data collected was analyzed using inferential statistics. In addition, the researcher conducted a multiple regression analysis and ANOV A in order to investigate the effectiveness of the Central Bank Rate as a key factor influencer for interest rates in the Kenya. The findings indicated that REPO affected the lending rates more in Kenya followed by the 91-Day Treasury bill rate, interbank and then CBR as the least one. From the statistics values of REPO and 91 Day Treasury bills, the two factors are significant in explaining the relationship between them and the lending rates. However, for interbank and CBR rates, have little contribution to the lending rates in Kenya. The study recommended that the CBK should be keen in setting the REPO and the 91 day Treasury bill because they are the key determinants of lending rates in Kenya.
- ItemPersistence, long memory and seasonality in Kenyan tourism series(Elsevier B.V ScienceDirect, ) Mudida, Robert; Gil-Alana, Luis A.; de Gracia, Fernando PérezThis article investigates the statistical properties of the total number of arrivals and departures in Kenya for the time period 1975Q1–2011Q4 by looking at the degree of persistence of the series. We use long range dependence techniques and given the quarterly nature of the series seasonality is also taken into account. Moreover, the potential presence of breaks is also considered. The tourism sector in Kenya is especially sensitive to political shocks, and this is particularly exemplified by the shocks in 1992Q4 and 2008Q1 that were associated with crucial election periods in Kenya. Our results, however, show that the series are fractionally integrated with orders of integration strictly below 1. Thus, shocks are expected to be transitory and disappearing relatively quickly.
- ItemThe Philosophy of non-violence and its application in the management of Kenya's constitutional conflicts(Academica Press, 2014) Mudida, RobertThe author proceeds on the basis that peace is more than the absence of war. The philosophy of non-violence as a way to achieve vital social change is evaluated.The application of non-violence in addressing Kenya’s constitutional conflicts over the last two decades is then considered in the context of key debates in conflict theory. The eventual triumph of the non-violence movement in Kenya in contributing to the adoption of a new constitution in 2010 also strengthens the case for the use of non-violence in achieving social transformation. The author concludes by briefly considering some case studies from other African countries, so as to provide an assessment of non-violence as a means of achieving needed social change.
- ItemProviding context and inspiring hope: using the case method to teach public policy in developing countries(2017-05-03) Mudida, RobertThis article asks: What makes for good cases when teaching public policy in a developing country? How important is geographic proximity relative to other factors in determining relevance? Building on literature about the unique public policy needs in developing countries and the case method as a pedagogical tool, and using a survey from a program that serves midcareer professionals in Nairobi, Kenya, the authors find the following to be key criteria for case selection: being set in a comparable developing country context; representing a similar array of public problems as the local context; demonstrating alternative public policy approaches to achieve progress; and inspiring optimism and hope by virtue of overcoming barriers. The authors share information on two cases that students identified as best meeting these criteria, one set in Asia (Singapore) and the other in Latin America (Colombia).
- ItemShocks affecting electricity prices in Kenya, a fractional integration study(ScienceDirect, 2017-02) Luis, A. Gil-Alana; Mudida, Robert; Carcel, HectorWe conduct a fractional integration and cointegration study of several Kenyan electricity price series in order to determine whether signs of persistence or mean reversion can eventually be discovered. Such features can be considered as relevant when considering the possibilities of shocks affecting the energy market of Kenya, which has recently been subjected to major debate. We conclude that electricity prices in Kenya contain unit roots, implying permanent shocks lasting forever. Among the factors affecting electricity prices, we find oil prices and interest rates have significant positive effects on electricity, and based on the fact that all the series are I(1), long run relationships are examined by means of fractional cointegration. The recently introduced FCVAR model is implemented, with results showing that the series under study are fractionally cointegrated, with oil price shocks affecting electricity prices.
- ItemStrategic options of economic integration and global trade for Africa in the 21st centuryMudida, RobertDespite huge strides in economic development made in many parts of the world over the last few decades, many people in Africa still remain in dire poverty. According to the 2007/2008 United Nations Human Development Report, the twenty countries with the lowest human development are all located in Sub-Saharan Africa. Trade has often been identified as a vital engine of economic growth and development to facilitate an African renaissance in the 21st Century. However, economic integration schemes in Africa continue to suffer from many limitations and Africa’s participation in the global economy remains miniscule. Regional integration arrangements in Africa, for example, continue to be characterized by overlapping membership and weak institutions. At the turn of the new century Africa’s share of world trade plummeted to levels below those in the 1960s when it had accounted for 2 percent of world trade. The erosion of Africa’s world trade share represents a staggering income loss of billions of dollars annually. The acceleration of globalization seems to have placed Africa at the threshold of further marginalization. With the formation of the African Union in 2002 and associated institutions such as the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), it appeared that there was a renewed impetus for development on the continent. A new and better calibre of African leaders emerged in some countries in the 21st century, although with some notable exceptions. This paper will explore what needs to be achieved for economic integration to be more effective in Africa and for Africa to participate more effectively in global trade. The relationship between different economic integration initiatives in Africa to global trade liberalization in the framework of the WTO will be explored. It will be argued that in order for African states to become more fully integrated in the global economy they will need to adopt a more pro-active rather than reactive approach. Such an approach will center on building more effective institutions at the national and regional levels so as to give Africa a greater voice in the 21st century. Africa’s development challenges are essentially about a crisis of institutions at the political, economic and social levels. Weak regional institutions reflect internal weaknesses of member states. The paper will explore competing conceptual constructs of regional integration in Africa with a view to arriving at a set of strategic options for enhanced effectiveness.For example, open regionalism based on neo-classical assumptions will be contrasted with the concept of “regionalism from below” which emphasizes the importance of civil society and informal organizations in regionalism. Concerns of African states arising from the existing multilateral framework and current trade round of the WTO will also be examined as will be strategic options for integrating Africa more fully into the global economy.
- ItemStructural sources of constitutional conflicts: a conflict analysis of constitution-making in Kenya, 1997-2005(2008) Mudida, RobertThe study investigates the structural sources of constitutional conflicts in Kenyan society by examining the process and content debates in the constitutional review process that took place between 1997 and 2005. The study is based on the premise that a country's constitution is a fundamental pillar on which the society is structured. The study applies the structural violence theoretical framework to provide a deeper insight into Kenya's constitutional debates. It develops the hypothesis that an anomalous constitution engenders structural violence in society. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used to carry out the study. Non-probability stratified sampling is used in the study. This study argues that the existing Kenya constitution is a fundamental source of structural violence in Kenya. Constitutional conflicts arise because the constitution does not address many of the concerns of its citizens such as equitable distribution of resources and the protection of individual and minority rights. The study also contends that the process of constitution-making and the content of the constitution are inextricably linked. A defective process leads to an anomalous constitution. The study also finds that attempts to address constitutional conflicts in Kenya have often been settlement rather than resolution-oriented thereby rendering them less effective. Constitution-making is eminently a political process and both the Kenyan political landscape and the broader political context of African states need to be considered to adequately appreciate Kenya's constitutional conflicts.
- ItemTesting the marshall-lerner condition in Kenya(Social science research network, ) Mudida, RobertIn this paper we examine the Marshall-Lerner (ML) condition for the Kenyan economy. In particular, we use quarterly data on the log of real exchange rates, export-import ratio and relative (US) income for the time period 1996q1 – 2011q4, and employ techniques based on the concept of long memory or long-range dependence. Specifically, we use fractional integration and cointegration methods, which are more general than standard approaches based exclusively on integer degrees of differentiation. The results indicate that there exists a well-defined cointegrating relationship linking the balance of payments to the real exchange rate and relative income, and that the ML condition is satisfied in the long run although the convergence process is relatively slow. They also imply that a moderate depreciation of the Kenyan shilling may have a stabilizing influence on the balance of payments through the current account without the need for high interest rates.
- ItemThe philosophy of non-violence and its application in the management of Kenya’s constitutional conflictsMudida, RobertOn August 5, 2010 Kenyans adopted a new constitution by the approval of almost 70% of voters. This was the culmination of almost two decades of mainly non-violent struggle for constitutional reform. Kenya’s previous constitution was anomalous from a structural violence perspective. Johan Galtung defines structural violence as existing in those conditions in which human beings are influenced so that their actual somatic and mental realizations are below their potential realizations. Kenya is not currently in a state of war but it could also be argued that neither does peace prevail. A central theme of this essay is that peace is more than simply the absence of war. Kenya’s previous constitution had ceased to meet the needs and expectations of Kenyan society and therefore became a major source of structural conflict. A central theme throughout this essay is therefore that it is the constitutional conflicts that have given rise to the need to overhaul the current constitution, although whether such an overhaul is necessary is itself sometimes debated.Whereas constitutional issues have been widely analyzed from other perspectives, such as legal and political-science perspectives, there is a dearth of literature on constitutional reform issues that adopts a conflict-theory perspective.This essay applies the tools of conflict theory to shed light on the process of Kenyan constitutional conflicts.However, in the application of analyti-cal tools in conflict, fundamental epistemological issues are also raised.Constitutional reform is ultimately about a fundamental paradigm shift. A constitution can be viewed as a paradigm that defines the way relationships in society are organized. An existing constitutional paradigm is acceptable as long as it adequately reflects the aspirations and expectations of a given society.However, social dynamism implies that constitutions will over time begin to develop significant anomalies, thereby making an existing constitutional paradigm inadequate and obsolete.This essay is therefore to some extent concerned with the epistemology of constitutional conflicts.Other fundamental epistemological debates, such as whether conflict is subjective or objective, also inform this essay. The rationale behind adopting a conflict perspective in this essay is that conflict is ultimately about incompatibilities of goals. The incompatibility of goals is fundamental to the existence of conflict situations, whether one is dealing with structural or behavioral conflict.The more valuable the objectives being sought, the more intense is the conflict.The central constitutional conflicts Kenya has experienced for the last two decades are fundamentally about incompatibilities of goals among different actors involved in the constitutional review process.These conflicts have often been particularly intense, albeit mainly at a structural level because of the value of the objectives involved.A fundamental objective of value, which for a long time intensified constitutional conflicts in Kenya, has been the distribution of power, particularly executive power, implied by alternative constitutional arrangements. The constitution has often been seen as a power map whereby the constitutional order became not an arbiter in the power process, but a fundamental element in political warfare. These constitutional conflicts have continued even after the adoption in 2010 of a new constitution. Recent constitutional conflicts in Kenya have focused on the implementation of the new constitutional order. Advocates of deep-rooted change have resisted the implementation of the new constitutional order or have sought to dilute some of its provisions at the implementation stage to retain the status quo. Conflict is an intrinsic and inevitable component of social change. Conflict is an expression of a diversity of interests, values and beliefs that emerge as new structures generated by social change come up against established constraints.This implies that Kenya’s constitutional conflicts are part of its social change process and indeed should be seen in this context.These conflicts on a very fundamental level represent the challenge posed by a new constitutional dispensation to the existing social structures whereby elites with vested interests seek to preserve the status quo. The reward structure in such societies is a built-in transfer of value from underdog to the topdog, where the latter inevitably gets more than his due through a process of accumulation. When an existing structure is threatened, those who benefit from the accompanying structural violence particularly a country’s elite will try to preserve the status quo which serves their interests. The challenge to the status quo posed by deep-rooted constitutional reform and the attendant resistance to reform attempts by Kenya’s political elite is a fundamental theme of constitutional conflicts in Kenya, even after the adoption of a new constitutional order in 2010. This essay proceeds by developing the philosophical basis for the notion that peace is more than the absence of war. This is a central theme of the paper, since Kenya is currently not in a state of war; but it is vital to consider whether this implies that Kenya is at peace. It then considers the subjective/objective debate, which analyzes whether a conflict needs to be perceived in order for it to exist. This debate is central to understanding the idea that peace is more than the absence of war. The fundamental theme of the paper, which is the philosophy of non-violence, is then analyzed. The application of non-violence in addressing Kenya’s constitutional conflicts over the last two decades is then considered. The vital linkages that occur between non-violence and direct violence are then critically appraised. The essay concludes by briefly considering some case studies from other African countries, so as to provide an assessment of non-violence as a means of achieving needed social change
- ItemThe security-development nexus: a structural violence and human needs approachMudida, RobertThe security-development nexus is increasingly vital because of the realization that there can be no long-term security without development and vice versa. The linkages between the two concepts have evolved over the last few decades to eventually exhibit a certain convergence. The rise of the concept of human security has also, by its very nature, implied closer links to development. Examining structural violence and human needs, linkages between these two concepts can be explored and policy implications suggested for the security-development nexus.