Strathmore University SU+ @ Strathmore University Library Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2018 Role, practice and challenges of nyumba kumi initiative in crime reduction: a case study of Makongeni estate, Delta zone, Thika, Kenya Rinnah N. Ngigi Strathmore Business School (SBS) Strathmore University Follow this and additional works at https://su-plus.strathmore.edu/handle/11071/6070 Recommended Citation Ngigi, R. N. (2018). Role, practice and challenges of nyumba kumi initiative in crime reduction: a case study of Makongeni estate, Delta zone, Thika, Kenya (Thesis). Strathmore University. https://su-plus.strathmore.edu/handle/11071/6070 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by DSpace @Strathmore University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DSpace @Strathmore University. For more information, please contact librarian@strathmore.edu ROLE, PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES OF NYUMBA KUMI INITIATIVE IN CRIME REDUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF MAKONGENI ESTATE, DELTA ZONE, THIKA, KENYA. A Thesis submitted to Strathmore Business School University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master’s degree in Public Policy and Management By Rinnah Ngoiri Ngigi Nairobi. May 14, 2018 ii DECLARATION This research project report is my original work and has not been presented for a Master’s degree in any other University. Signature………………………… Date…………………………... NAME : RINNAH NGOIRI NGIGI REG NO : 67279 This research project report has been submitted for examination with my approval as the University Supervisor. Name: Signature…………………………… Date………………………... iii DEDICATION I wish to dedicate this research project to my family especially my mother, Mary Wambui Ngigi, who has continued to encourage me during the research process. Her strength and faith has given me a new appreciation for the meaning and importance of the study. She has taught me that the best kind of knowledge to have is that which is taught for its own sake and even the largest task can be accomplished if it is done one step at a time. I must acknowledge Dr. Hilda Mogire who has offered unflagging support and wise advice in my research. Her hospitality, knowledge, and wisdom have supported and enlightened me through the process. I appreciate Mr. Steve Obaga for persevering with me as my close advisor and assistant statistician throughout the time to write the thesis. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research project has been undertaken in partial fulfillment of the Master’s degree in Public Policy and Management. I wish to acknowledge individuals for their contributions towards the production of this research project. I appreciate my family with sincerely for their unconditional support. I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my supervisor, Dr. Hilda Mogire who has been the ideal thesis supervisor. Her sage advice, insightful criticisms, and patient encouragement have aided the writing of this research in innumerable ways. It is her persistent criticism that has brought hope and confidence in me, even at the most depressing moments. She has truly been a source of inspiration especially when I was unwell. Befitting also, I appreciate Mr. Steve Obaga for his continuous contribution of awareness of current issues in nyumba kumi programmes and also current studies of community policing. His input has been very helpful when conducting the research. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION........................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... ix ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ..................................................................................... x ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................ 3 1.3 Research Objectives .............................................................................................................. 4 1.3.1 General Objective ........................................................................................................... 4 1.3.2 Specific Objectives ......................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Scope of the Study................................................................................................................. 5 1.6 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 7 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Broken Windows Theory................................................................................................ 7 2.2.2 Social Capital Theory ..................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Nyumba Kumi Initiative........................................................................................................ 9 2.4 Role of Nyumba Kumi Initiative in Crime Reduction ........................................................ 10 2.5 Practices of Nyumba Kumi Initiative .................................................................................. 11 2.6 Attitudes of Local Residents and Police Officers towards Nyumba Kumi ......................... 12 2.7 Challenges of Implementing Nyumba Kumi Initiative ....................................................... 13 2.8 Conceptual Framework ....................................................................................................... 15 2.9 Summary of Literature Review ........................................................................................... 16 2.10 Research Gaps ................................................................................................................... 17 vi CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 18 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Research Design .................................................................................................................. 18 3.3 Study Population ................................................................................................................. 18 3.4 Sampling Procedure ............................................................................................................ 19 3.5 Data Collection Methods ..................................................................................................... 19 3.5.1 Questionnaires .............................................................................................................. 19 3.5.2 Interview Guide ............................................................................................................ 20 3.5.3 Secondary Sources ........................................................................................................ 20 3.6 Research Response Data ..................................................................................................... 20 3.6.1 Reliability of Response Data ........................................................................................ 20 3.6.2 Validity of research Response Data .............................................................................. 21 3.7 Data analysis ....................................................................................................................... 21 3.8 Ethical considerations ......................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS.......... 23 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 23 4.2 Response Data ..................................................................................................................... 23 4.3 Respondents Demographic Information.............................................................................. 23 4.3.1 Gender of the Respondents ........................................................................................... 23 4.3.2 Respondents’ Age ......................................................................................................... 24 4.3.3 Marital Status ................................................................................................................ 25 4.3.4 Respondents’ Level of Education ................................................................................. 26 4.3.5 Length of stay in Location ............................................................................................ 28 4.4 Role of Nyumba Kumi Initiative for crime reduction ......................................................... 29 4.4.1 Success of Nyumba Kumi Initiative ............................................................................. 29 4.4.2 Cooperation between Police and the Residents ............................................................ 31 4.4.3 Role of Nyumba Kumi Initiative .................................................................................. 32 4.5 Practices of Nyumba Kumi Initiative .................................................................................. 33 4.5.1 Level of Adoption of Nyumba kumi Initiative ............................................................. 33 4.5.2 General Policing Practiced in Makongeni estate .......................................................... 34 4.5.3 The Level of Public Participation in Nyumba Kumi Initiative .................................... 34 vii 4.5.4 Practices of Nyumba Kumi Initiative programmes ...................................................... 35 4.6 Attitudes of local residents and police officers towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative ............. 36 4.6.1 Level of attitude of residents towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative .................................. 36 4.6.2 Measures for managing confidentiality of Information from residents ........................ 37 4.6.3 Attitudes of Local Residents and Police Officers ......................................................... 38 4.7 Challenges of implementing Nyumba Kumi Initiative ....................................................... 39 4.7.1 Implementation Challenges .......................................................................................... 39 4.7.2 Level of Agreement ...................................................................................................... 40 4.7.3 Obstructive Effective Implementation of Nyumba Kumi Initiative ............................. 41 4.8 Information from Key Informants (police service and administrative officers) ................. 42 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................ 43 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 43 5.2 Summary of Findings .......................................................................................................... 43 5.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 45 5.4 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 46 5.5 Suggestions for further Research ........................................................................................ 47 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 48 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 53 Appendix I: Questionnaire for Makongeni estate Residents ..................................................... 53 Appendix II: Key Interview Guide for who police and administrative officers ....................... 58 Appendix III: Krejcie and Morgan Table .................................................................................. 59 Appendix IV: Work plan ........................................................................................................... 62 Appendix V: Budget.................................................................................................................. 63 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Role of Nyumba Kumi Initiative ................................................................................. 32 Table 4.2: Statements on Practices of Nyumba Kumi Initiative programmes .............................. 35 Table 4.3: Statements regarding attitudes of local residents and police officers .......................... 38 Table 4.4: Statements on obstructive effective implementation of Nyumba Kumi Initiative ...... 41 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………8 Figure 4.1: Gender of the Respondents......................................................................................... 24 Figure 4.2: Age of the Respondents .............................................................................................. 24 Figure 4.3: Marital Status ............................................................................................................. 25 Figure 4.4: Level of Education ..................................................................................................... 26 Figure 4.5: Length of stay in Location.......................................................................................... 29 Figure 4.6: Success of Nyumba Kumi Initiative ........................................................................... 31 Figure 4.7: Level of Adoption of Nyumba kumi Initiative ........................................................... 33 Figure 4.8: The Level of Public Participation in Nyumba Kumi Initiative .................................. 34 Figure 4.9: Level of attitude of residents towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative ................................ 36 Figure 4.10: Level of Agreement .................................................................................................. 40 x ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CAGs Citizen Advisory Groups MEPE Multi-Ethnic Policing Element MSCs Municipal Safety Councils SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences xi ABSTRACT This research study aimed at establishing the role, practice, attitudes and challenges of nyumba kumi initiative in crime reduction in Makongeni estate, Delta zone, Thika, Kenya. The objectives of the research study were; to determine the role of nyumba kumi initiative in crime reduction in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika; to establish the practices of nyumba kumi initiative in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika; to establish the attitudes of the local residents and police service officers towards nyumba kumi initiative in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika; and to investigate the challenges of implementing nyumba kumi initiative in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika. Additionally, the research study focused on the police service and residents Makongeni area, Delta zone, Thika with probability sampling technique being utilized. Questionnaires, interview guide and secondary sources were utilized to gather essential information from respondents. SPSS assisted in arranging and compressing the information by utilizing means and standard deviation. Mode, frequency tables, bar graphs, and percentages were utilized to depict and show the information in light of each exploration objective. 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study The dynamic universe of the present society is progressively seeing a development of new crime types, very sophisticated crimes commission and trends (Kyed, 2010; Ellison, 2012). The total impacts of these rising crimes and their patterns no longer permit the centralization of lawfulness and order enforcement agencies on the ‘traditional’ types of crimes such as general stealing, assault, theft by servant and handling of stolen property (Brogden, 2011). Majority of the nations on the planet including the Commonwealth nations, have moved to community activities as a policing technique of the 21st Century and Kenya is not an exemption. Kenya as a nation is influenced by these advancements that have necessitated a paradigm shift in its security tenet (Minnaar and Ngoveni, 2014). A compelling initiative must give a structure that enables members of the community to take an interest in securing themselves, their properties and national interests. In this viewpoint the nation has embraced a policing methodology that embeds community participation by enabling the subject in national security issues (Baker, 2009). The utilization of community initiatives in Western developed nations is viewed as moderately new methodologies, yet it can likewise be comprehended as an endeavor to recoup prior customs of policing (Zhao, Lovrich and Thurman, 2010). The police officer who knows local people and their issues is a symbol of earlier, as far as anyone knows brilliant, period of policing which used to be referred to as a typical policing strategy (Karstedt, 2009). Typical policing programs, for example, Neighborhood Watch can be viewed as a restricted return to the extra casual informal civilian policing that was the norm before the rise of present day bureaucratic policing in industrialized nations (Lawday, 2010). In African and other developing Country contexts, the promotion of initiatives aimed at crime reduction have been reprimanded as regularly involving the inconvenience of best practice models determined somewhere else with little respect for setting (Brogden, 2011; Ellison, 2012). By and by, notwithstanding, the idea has been changed, reflecting nearby policing works on, existing force relations and tip top interests, histories of state-society connections and the constrained assets and limit of the state police, creating results that habitually veer from the 2 'democratizing' perfect advanced by worldwide performers (Baker, 2009; Kyed, 2010; Hills, 2012). In Tanzania, a national wide, grassroots at town level framework known as `Nyumba Kumi` was embraced. The model has been proposed as the answer for criminal conduct and fear based oppression. The activity urges local people to communicate and share data about each other Nasongó, 2007). They are likewise anticipated that would screen security dangers and give data to the nearby organization and security organs. Utilizing estimated levels of neighborhood, this was to guarantee security and open fulfillment. Despite the fact that the police are as yet in charge of enthusiastic and fair requirement of law and hazardous crises, nyumba kumi show is a joint police and society wide core interest. Understanding that the police alone can't take care of the issues of wrongdoing Tanzania has gone far towards accomplishing these objectives (Sekaran and Bougie, 2011). Kenya has adopted the Nyumba Kumi initiative from Tanzania among other strategies used in policing in Kenya like the Youth Vigilante groups (Frühling, 2007), community court system and joint patrols. Nyumba Kumi in Kenya was supposed to introduce partnership and problem- solving approaches aimed at improving the relations between the security agencies and the community subsequently improving the quality of police services, and notably reducing crime levels (Mwangi, 2012). This is because crime takes place in the community and thus members of the community should be involved in identifying, arresting and reforming criminals. However, the fruits of the much praised and publicized strategy have not been forthcoming in many parts of Kenya where it was rolled out, Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika included. In Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika, the most common crimes according to the Kenya Police service records (Kenya Police Report 2012 to 2014) are robbery with violence, shoplifting and rape. The police service data indicates that there are at least three robberies per day, two-shop lifting and one rape consequently. Makongeni estate was a rated second worst crime prone County in Kenya. It is this high rate of crime that necessitated the need to carry out research in Thika Sub-County. These crimes are likely to be committed by people leaving within the Country, therefore involving the community that could probably help prevent the crimes. In that 3 capacity, this study intended to assess the practice, role and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Thika, Kenya. 1.2 Problem Statement In the last decade, the Kenyan government has created neo-traditional institutions at the community level that are superficially shaped after social institutions deemed to be traditional (Kioko, 2016). The government’s effort to prevent crime through Nyumba Kumi initiative has raised expectations of the citizens to see its efficiency. Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux (2010) also add that since its inception in Kenya, nyumba kumi initiative is gaining prominence due to the rise of insecurity levels. The model has already been embraced in some counties like Kisumu, Nakuru and some parts of Nairobi County. In most parts of the country, despite establishment of Nyumba Kumi initiative, police service posts crime rate has continued to rise for the last three years (Kimeli, 2010). Makongeni estate which is based in Thika, Kenya is coupled by different insecurity issues that include mugging commonly referred to as ‘ngeta’; pick pocketing; snatching of mobile phones, house break-ins and robbery with violence. According to Saferworld (2008), the periods prior to elections often lead to an increase in crime as criminals take advantage of the highly charged political environment to steal from residents. In addition, crime levels in the village is exacerbated by the social and physical situations that include high levels of poverty, unemployment, activities such as selling substance abuse products for example bhang, unlit streets and shallow alleys (National Police Service Act, 2011). Accordingly, the experience of slum-dwellers starkly illustrates that people living in slums are threatened with violence and insecurity (Amnesty International, 2009). There are various studies related to Nyumba Kumi initiative. For instance, Walter and Johnson (2017) did a study on the influence of Nyumba Kumi Initiative on Social Cohesion among Cosmopolitan Sub Locations in Nakuru County. They concluded that the Assistant Chiefs in the cosmopolitan sub-locations in Nakuru County used the initiative purely for tackling insecurity but not to integrate the respective communities living in their sub-locations towards a cohesive society. As such, the authors did not focus on the practices, roles and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative, which was covered in this study. Further, Paul (2014) carried out an assessment 4 on the challenges facing the implementation of Nyumba Kumi initiative in Ruiru Sub-County, Kenya. He concluded that fear of reprisal attacks by residents, abuse of program by officials, lack of enough resources and lack of political goodwill was some of the challenges facing the implementation of nyumba kumi initiative. However, the author did not cover information on the role, practice and attitude of community and police officers towards nyumba kumi initiative. This study provides more insight information on the mentioned areas. As seen from the aforementioned studies, there existed a gap in which it is important to know the practice, role and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction. This study therefore sought to fill this gap by establishing the practice, role and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Thika, Kenya with Makongeni estate, Delta Zone being the case study. 1.3 Research Objectives 1.3.1 General Objective The purpose of this study was to carry out an assessment of the role, practice and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Thika, Kenya with Makongeni estate, Delta Zone being the case study. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives 1. To establish the role of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika. 2. To investigate the practices of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika. 3. To establish the attitudes of local residents and police service officers towards Nyumba Kumi initiative on crime reduction in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika. 4. To determine the challenges facing implementation of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika. 5 1.4 Research Questions 1. What is the role of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika? 2. What are some of the practices of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika? 3. What are the attitudes of local residents and police service officers towards Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika? 4. What are the challenges of implementing Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika? 1.5 Scope of the Study This study was carried out an assessment of the role, practice and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction. The study was limited to Makongeni estate, Delta Zone that is located in Thika, Kenya. The prevalence of fear of crime in Makongeni estate and its suburbs was the major reason for selecting the study area. In addition, most local authorities lack the capacity, expertise and resources to implement the initiative, hence the need to select Makongeni estate. Additionally, the study focused on Makongeni estate, Delta Zone due to the fact that the study had a far-reaching effect on urban management. A good urban manager gave consideration to neighborhood security before deciding what should be located where; security also influenced the social and physical infrastructure to be provided in specific areas. Specifically, the study was confined to: the role of Nyumba Kumi initiative, the practice of Nyumba Kumi initiative, the attitude of local residents and police officers towards Nyumba Kumi initiative and the challenges of implementing Nyumba Kumi initiative. 6 1.6 Significance of the Study The findings of this study was beneficial to agencies in the administration of Nyumba Kumi initiative policy and other relevant stakeholders as far as policy planning and formulation and control strategies against the crime are concerned. This helped in emphasizing its strengths and restructuring the weak points in order to make the implementation process regarding Nyumba Kumi Initiative more effective. As an emerging Nyumba Kumi initiative in Kenya, which also has scanty literature, the study added valuable information to available literature on the theme of the initiative and also serves as a reference material to future researchers in fields such as criminal justice, sociology, criminology, political science and governance. Scholars, researchers and academicians may have found the results of this study useful for further research on assessment of factors contributing to the success of Nyumba Kumi initiative in a community. 7 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter provides insight into what has already been done in regard to Nyumba Kumi initiative and crime reduction with a view of identifying academic gaps to be filled. The chapter aims at sharpening and deepening the theoretical foundation of the research in question. Literature reviewed is as follows; concept of Nyumba Kumi Initiative, the role of Nyumba Kumi initiative, the practice of Nyumba Kumi initiative and the challenges of implementing Nyumba Kumi initiative. The conceptual framework, research summary and finally research gaps is discussed in this chapter. 2.2 Theoretical Framework This study was based on Broken Windows Theory and Social Capital Theory. 2.2.1 Broken Windows Theory Wilson and Kelling founded broken Windows Theory in 1982 (Wilson and Kelling, March, 1982). The study in accordance with the theory takes note that Nyumba Kumi Initiative is equipped towards guaranteeing zero – resistance to any open door in the area that may draw in criminal movement. Zero resistance policing, which is another term used to portray group is a result of the Broken Windows Theory (White, 2007). To be sure, it specifically expands on a few components of this hypothesis, for example, the point of fighting social abnormality and turmoil by focusing on dillydallying, tipsiness, control creeping or other conduct in an open place thought about unsatisfactory. Be that as it may, zero-resistance policing proposes an aloof part for the group for whose sake the police embrace a more overwhelming part (Greene, 1998). The focus of the police has been in the past on scatter and other hostile to social conduct as conceivable predecessors to crime, however with Nyumba Kumi Initiative, this undoubtedly changed. This hypothesis, along these lines, fits well in the portrayal of this examination and in this way, the accentuation that if suspicious issues or conducts are not considered important at the group levels, they are probably going to bring about to elevated levels of crime. 8 2.2.2 Social Capital Theory Social capital theory has been characterized as comprising "highlights of social association, for example, systems, standards, and assume that encourages activity and collaboration for common advantage and results in abnormal amounts of relational trust and connection, and standards of help and correspondence, and high rates of municipal support" (Howdon, 2009). There exist two types of social capital, which incorporate spanning, and holding capital. Crossing over capital records for municipal communication and engagement; though holding type of capital clarifies connection between those common encounters and desires with a segment of seek after future cooperation, for example, relatives. As to social capital hypothesis, crime comes about because of feeble casual social controls and low ability to prepare such formal outside assets as law requirement offices (Field, 2003). In endeavoring to clarify why a few spots have powerless casual social controls, and in this way inclined to wrongdoing than others, specialists have connected the hypothesis of social capital (Field, 2003). What's more, social capital has additionally been connected to explore and clarify why aggregate activity is more fruitful in a few spots than others. In view of the findings that groups that delineate more prominent union and shared desires additionally have a tendency to have bring down rates of wrongdoing and confusion, it is asserted that such solid systems of groups do have the potential for stopping wrongdoing (Field, 2003). This is credited to the way that where such attachment exists individuals from such groups share a duty to mediate before conduct escapes hand yet additionally in light of the fact that such situations give its young individuals 'with a feeling of status and confidence, which underpins their incorporation in the general public'. Therefore people group that have solid social controls are thought to have bring down levels of wrongdoing and then again, feeble social capital is related with abnormal amounts of social issue. It is recommended that open foundations, for example, the police officers experienced more help in places where social capital is high, which gives justification to approach bolster for programs that expansion levels of crossing over capital. 9 2.3 Nyumba Kumi Initiative “Nyumba kumi” is a Swahili word for ten homes. It is a path in which ten homes inside the area should meet up and keep watch of their neighbors, particularly on issue to do with neighbor's prosperity, practices, characters and security matters (Frühling, 2007). In the event that the “nyumba kumi” activity is moved effectively, there is a desire expecting neighbors to know each other well and to enhance their security through watching out for the other, for wellbeing reasons. Nyumba Kumi is a procedure of anchoring monitoring at the family level or some other non- specific cluster (Munneke, 2011). These family units can be in a private court, in a bequest, a square of houses, a manyatta, a road, a market focus, a gated community, a town or a bulla. The idea focus on uniting Kenyans in groups characterized by physical areas, felt needs and quest for basic goals: a sheltered, supportable and prosperous neighborhood (Wekesa, 2016). The quantity of family units grouped ought not be forced, settled or constrained by outer powers but controlled by shared goals and locality (Vinzant and Lane, 2014). Existing nyumba kumi initiative plans ought not be disturbed but rather enhanced and altered in accordance with this rule. For example a few bunches are firm units united by quest for comparative objectives and goals. Different variables affecting such groupings are population thickness, culture and demography among others (Young and Tinsley, 2012). The Nyumba Kumi model cuts across different shades of society as far as ideology, legislative issues, ethnicity, prejudice, sexual orientation or some other partisan association are concerned. The clusters’ prompt needs incorporate but not restricted to security, condition, instruction, youth lead and conduct and great parts of culture (Munneke, 2011). These establish the framework of good social welfare, which should dependably be urged to demonstrate that Nyumba Kumi manages the comprehensive part of life. The group's mediations are more on anticipation of negative social exercises and advancement of positive esteems (Wekesa, 2016). Short-term mediations address worries on the dread of wrongdoing, poor execution in instruction and undesirable natural worries with a long haul objective of advancing social and financial prosperity of the general public. While perceiving protected arrangements on flexibility of affiliation and ideal to protection, it is officeholder upon subjects to partake in issues of their 10 security as a major aspect of their community obligation as well as in the soul of patriotism to their nation (Munneke, 2011). 2.4 Role of Nyumba Kumi Initiative in Crime Reduction Successful Nyumba Kumi Initiative diminished neighborhood wrongdoings, diminish subjects' dread of wrongdoing, and upgrade the personal satisfaction in the group (Wekesa, 2016). A vital objective of the activity is to give higher quality administration to neighborhoods; in this manner, consumer loyalty turns into a vital measure of adequacy. The impressions of advance among group individuals and continuous criticism from all components of the group are basic parts of the examination procedure. Arbitrarily and routinely directed reviews educated the office of the general visibility of police execution, the level of dread and concern, and made the office mindful of the degree to which group individuals feel as though they are members in the Nyumba Kumi Initiative exertion (Mayhill, 2006; Munneke, 2011; Mwangi, 2012). More generally, Nyaura and Ngugi (2014) demonstrate that Nyumba Kumi Initiative handles a scope of security issues from sex based savagery and wrongdoing to an absence of trust amongst groups and security suppliers, between ethnic pressures or weapons multiplication. In any case, recollect that individuals live incorporated lives in which security concerns, for example, wrongdoing, brutality, terrorizing and scatter are regularly personally connected to more extensive 'human security' issues identified with individuals' wellbeing, training and vocations (Kyed, 2010). Nyumba Kumi Initiative work through nearby accomplices to enable individuals to recognize and organize their wellbeing and security needs and unite people in the community, police officers, neighborhood experts and other security and equity suppliers to address them (Wazed and Akhtar, 2015). Besides, Masese and Mwenzwa (2012) add that Nyumba Kumi Initiative is the apparent push to improve security consequently perceiving the association and shared obligation of the police officers and the people in the community in guaranteeing a sheltered and secure condition. Besides, it is a dynamic association between the police officers and people in general to battle wrongdoing and improve group security, which is the center subject of Kenya's Nyumba Kumi Initiative. Nyumba Kumi Initiative reacts to the decrease out in the open lightness in the police and the requirement for association between various partners to battle wrongdoing (Coquilhat, 11 2008). Through this approach, the group becomes more acquainted with and comprehend that it has a part to play in guaranteeing its own particular wellbeing and that of their property (Masese and Mwenzwa, 2012). 2.5 Practices of Nyumba Kumi Initiative Nyumba Kumi Initiative as an innovation of policing that picked up notoriety in the 1980s in the United States (generally known as Neighborhood Watch) was basically a state-drove component for managing wrongdoing and frailty. Numerous variations of the activity have throughout the years discovered their way into East Africa (Masese and Mwenzwa, 2012). Where activity was chiefly actualized as police-group associations in reacting to wrongdoing, the group drove security components we are occupied with are on a very basic level a group drove push to address its own security needs. The power relations in Nyumba Kumi Initiative are quite often tilted for the state police service, though in these group drove activities, adjust of energy is regularly with the groups; with ladies and men (Nyaura and Ngugi, 2014). For instance, Zwelethemba display, an activity in South Africa won help from the legislature and is at present being extended to the bigger Cape Town metropolitan. At the focal point of these peace boards of trustees, was question determination. Individuals would tune in to cases, for example, those including cash loaning and resolve the debate between parties. The gatherings needed to consent to acknowledge the choice of the gatherings according to the set up a Code of Good Practice. Vital to the approach was likewise the prerequisite that members don't utilize pressure and that they demonstration inside the law (Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2007). Locally, there exist several initiatives in most parts of the Country in association with Nyumba Kumi. The best type of a group neighborhood watch is drilled in Likoni District in the Coast locale of Kenya. The Likoni Development Program (LICODEP) began the Community Neighborhood Focus in 2008 in the Maranza neighborhood of Likoni District to address the issue of instability connected to sedate mishandle. The undertaking has spearheaded the Nyumba Kumi (Ten Homes) way to deal with wrongdoing aversion where gatherings of ten homes are bunched together and individuals give reconnaissance, data sharing and evening watches on volunteer premise (Kioko, 2016). The area watch venture has a popularity based administration 12 approach with every ten houses choosing a delegate to an official advisory group supervising the task in the bigger group. A 2009 assessment of the undertaking demonstrated that the enhanced security data gathering has yielded positive outcomes with a portion of the street pharmacists leaving the territory. The task has likewise encouraged a sound working connection between the commonplace organization and the group (Masese and Mwenzwa, 2012). 2.6 Attitudes of Local Residents and Police Officers towards Nyumba Kumi Citizens’ attitude with security initiatives plays a key role in this process. Nyumba Kumi Initiative activities such as citizen advisory boards, community meetings, foot patrol, neighborhood watch, and door-to-door visits aim to increase the satisfaction of citizens with police officers, to encourage people to share information about offenses, offenders, and public safety problems, as well as to increase a feeling that police officers care about the problems of the citizens and to build mutual trust. These activities also let people feel more comfortable contacting police officers to tell about problems and share information about crimes and criminals (Wazed and Akhtar, 2015). Citizens’ perceptions regarding Neighborhood watch initiatives created via social and physical experiences, interactions with law enforcement and their environment have changed. Therefore, citizen response to social and physical incivilities creates fear resulting in citizen retreating from areas infected with crime (Kelling, 2015). Groff, Johnson, Ratcliffe, and Wood (2013) describes the perceptions of citizen’s interaction between the public and foot patrol officers as a non- adversarial, non-combative, friendly approach; and car patrol officers as adversarial and suspicious, where the presumption was citizens were a threat possibly warranting arrest. Bush and Dodson (2014) further determined police and neighborhood relations include police reliance on citizens’ complaints to become aware of and resolve situations. At the same time, citizens do not want the government in their business; they want someone familiar with their issues handling their problems. These mixed signals between law enforcement and citizens categorize citizens into groups of those suspected to participate in criminal activity, those who record police activities to portray a lack of professionalism, and those who do not fit in either category and do not understand what officers do (Bush and Dodson, 2014). 13 The role of community members towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative in Kenya entail the fact that they need to volunteer information on suspicious characters or activities, working closely with the police through Nyumba Kumi Initiative Forums, helping the police to help you by offering any kind of support, encourage greater contacts between neighbors. More specifically, the community members support the victims of crime through counseling, safeguarding your own neighborhoods and hence, security begins with an individual; that is one should be alert always as an individual (Kenya Police, 2014). Nyaura (2014) notes that in Kenya, the police service is the most perceptible institution of the security sector and its functions impacts on the entire citizenry therefore, Nyumba Kumi Initiative is a new style of policing that is reactive to the needs of local communities; a service multiplier that contributes to conflict management. The role of the police service in Nyumba Kumi Initiative as stipulated by the Kenya Police (2014), entail the fact that they communicate with the community and give the feedback regarding crime and security information; providing a listen ear and understand public needs; being part and parcel of problem solving towards community satisfaction; being transparent, accountable and effective; carrying out their day today activities and other police duties; providing a platform for the formation of Nyumba Kumi Initiative Forums. 2.7 Challenges of Implementing Nyumba Kumi Initiative For the crime reduction approaches to be effective, community engagement is vital. Community members must be recognized for the vital role they play in accomplishing these goals (Masese and Mwenzwa, 2012). Nevertheless, some nations, like Serbia tends to impede community initiative implementation on the ground thus causing policing to remain a profoundly disruptive issue and mentalities strengthened over ages have been back to sever. There has additionally been sheer open lack of engagement and in spite of broad promotion, gatherings to include the group occur in exhaust rooms and rather than open help and contribution, detachment and incredulity portray group based policing (Groenewald and Peake, 2014). Research by Mammus (2010) established that in Nigeria the major challenge of policing was the manpower shortage, inadequate funding, inadequate logistic support and infrastructure, lack of serviceable information and technological equipment to cover all the areas of the country. Other 14 factors included inadequate manpower (both in strength and expertise), insufficient education and training, inadequate equipment, and poor conditions of service of the average policeman. The current studies seek views of the communities through the Nyumba Kumi Initiative committee members to fill this gap. The relationship between police service officers and the residents of the community has long been negative and impacted to a large extent by the police service’s role as the visible agent of government, tasked with executing past policies of control and suppression, fueling distrust and resentment. For instance, Newham (2013) argues that in Kliptown, South Africa, there is poor relationship, mistrust amongst certain sections of the community and police individuals. In Gauteng, South Africa; there is lack of co-operation between the community and the police, inadequate police procedures and the process of investigation to the community, ineffective dialogue, non-cooperation and collaboration (Rakgoadi, 2009). Therefore, lack of understanding amongst the community and the police service may make it difficult to implement initiatives aimed at curbing crime in the country. Nyaura and Ngugi (2014) indicated inadequate working facilities, and poor communication channels were among the major challenges facing implementation of Nyumba Kumi Initiative in Kenya. In addition, there is widespread corruption, low quality of work force, low level of training, unfriendly police advertising, and the nation's police service drive is poorly prepared amongst other challenges (Alemika and Chukwuma, 2010). These challenges are similar to that of the police service officers, who live in deplorable conditions yet they are supposed to protect the general population. Makara (2008) add that the national police service is under-resourced, limited community consultation and limited training and training materials. Moreover, police service officers faced with these challenges may result to corruption in order to sustain their families. This in turn affects the core theme of Nyumba Kumi Initiative, which is to prevent crime. Police service officers may also be lured to collude with the criminals in engaging in crime who are the enemies of Nyumba Kumi Initiative. Inadequate training among the community members has been seen to be lacking towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative efforts (Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2007). Effective Nyumba Kumi Initiative requires training for both police personnel and community 15 members. Effective training aids the development of new police service attitudes, knowledge, and skills and facilitates reorientation of perceptions and refinement of existing skills (Rakgoadi, 2009). Training must similarly target such misconceptions. Tactics that can help overcome misperceptions about Nyumba Kumi Initiative including conducting accurate community needs assessments, including all the stakeholder in collecting data to develop Nyumba Kumi Initiative strategies (Masese and Mwenzwa, 2012); assuring appropriate resources are available for community programs; and finally, evaluating and modifying programs as needed. This pulled towards community members engaging in Nyumba Kumi Initiative. 2.8 Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework in figure 2.1 shows the relationship between the dependent and independent variables of the study. Independent variables Dependent variable Figure 1: Conceptual Framework Role of Nyumba Kumi initiative Practices of Nyumba Kumi initiative Success of Nyumba Kumi Initiative Challenges of implementing Nyumba Kumi initiative Attitudes of local residents and police service officers towards Nyumba Kumi 16 As shown in figure 1, the independent variables are practices of Nyumba Kumi initiative, challenges of implementing Nyumba Kumi initiative, role of Nyumba Kumi initiative and attitudes of local residents and police service officers towards Nyumba Kumi. The dependent variable is Success of Nyumba Kumi Initiative. Practices of Nyumba Kumi initiative was measured through checking the level of implementation of the initiative, challenges of implementing Nyumba Kumi initiative was measured by use of indicators which include manpower shortage, inadequate funding, inadequate logistic support and infrastructure, role of Nyumba Kumi initiative was measured by use of wrongdoing, brutality, terrorizing indicators, attitudes of local residents and police service officers towards Nyumba Kumi was measured through indicators such as negative attitudes and positive attitudes. Success of Nyumba Kumi Initiative was measured through indicators such as reduced levels of theft, reduced rape cases, peace and security and increased residents’ safety. 2.9 Summary of Literature Review The chapter audits existing writing on the practice, role and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Thika, Kenya. In this way, the achievement and entrenchment of Nyumba Kumi Initiative to check wrongdoings can be viewed as needy upon responsibility state of mind, straightforwardness and responsibility instead of on authoritative outline and heading. There is additionally requirement for additional inside and out comprehension of Nyumba Kumi Initiative as center policing methodologies, with basic connects to creating more grounded group attachment and along these lines the potential avoidance of wrongdoing. This seeing needs to incorporate the reasonable advantages for the policing association and the group and the basic pretended by singular officers in their everyday community cooperation. Broken Windows Theory and Social Capital Theory has bolstered the literature. Broken Windows Theory endeavors that minor issue diminished casual social control, and increment wrongdoing if not genuinely considered and not assaulted. Social capital hypothesis accept that wrongdoing comes about because of frail casual social controls and low ability to assemble such formal outer assets as law requirement offices. 17 2.10 Research Gaps Different researchers have inquired about on Nyumba Kumi initiative yet not very many have obviously considered the appraisal of variables contributing to the success of Nyumba Kumi Initiative in Thika, Kenya. It is with this approach the exploration tries to survey the role, practice, and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Thika, Kenya with Makongeni home, Delta Zone being the contextual analysis. 18 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter presents the methodology used in this study. It describes the research design used, describes the study population, gives the sampling procedure used to determine the sample size, describes the data collection methods and the research data used, describes how data is analyzed and finally gives ethical considerations in the study. 3.2 Research Design The study utilized a descriptive survey research design in examining the role, practice, attitudes and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Makongeni Estate, Thika, Kenya. It includes the accumulation of information with a specific end goal to answer the research questions (Orodho, 2003). This design is suitable because it collects data from members of the community, police service officers and administrative authorities which helps the researcher get the descriptive existing phenomena by asking individuals about their perception, attitudes, behavior or values. The administrative authorities include the area chief, sub- chief and area Member of County Assembly. A descriptive study describes characteristics associated with the subject population. 3.3 Study Population Miller (2003) characterizes population an entire group of individuals, events or objects having a common observable characteristic. In this study, police officers, administrative authorities and residents from the community formed the target population. This sample was informed by the 2009 Population and Housing Census information for Makongeni home, Delta Zone Thika that demonstrated that there are more than 10,000 residents in the territory. I paid a visit at Makongeni Police Station, Thika, to determine the number of police service officers attached to Makongeni area in Thika. I found a total of 27 police officers were attached in the study area. The total population is therefore 10,027, which represent police service officers, administrative authorities and regular citizens who approached with the end goal of the investigation. 19 3.4 Sampling Procedure Probability sampling technique was utilized as a part of this research, fundamentally for the regular citizens from the community, administrative officers and police officers. Every individual from the whole population had an equivalent opportunity of being chosen. The equation given underneath from Slovin’s (2003) was utilized to decide the sample size of each category i.e. the residents of Makongeni estate, administrative authorities and police service officers. Equation n=N/ (1+Ne2) where, n = number of sample N = Total population e = Margin of error (0.05) Therefore N= 10,000 n = 10,000/ (1+10,000x0.05x0.05) n =10,000/26 =385 The sample size of this population was 385 individuals comprising of residents of Makongeni estate. Given the small number of police service officers attached to Makongeni area Thika, the study conducted a census on all the 27 police service officers making a total sample size of 415 respondents comprising of 385 residents of Makongeni, Delta zone estate, twenty seven police service officers and three administrative officers. 3.5 Data Collection Methods 3.5.1 Questionnaires Questionnaires were utilized to gather essential information from the residents of Makongeni Delta zone estate, Thika. Questionnaires had both close and open-ended questions. Given the 20 sensitivity of the information requested, respondents were requested to fill the questionnaires on the spot and handover to the researcher upon completion. This is suitable in light of the fact that it gives the researcher a good response rate and avoids misplacement of the questionnaires on the side of the respondents. In case the respondent needs to enquire for a clarification, the researcher was present to make such clarifications to avoid null and void answers. 3.5.2 Interview Guide Qualitative, in-depth interviews were used to collect data from the police officers attached to Makongeni Delta Zone in Thika. Interview guides gave in-depth information on the role, practice, attitudes and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction. Open-ended interview guide questions captured the respondents’ perception of the various variables that constitute Nyumba Kumi initiative so that the research achieves its objectives. 3.5.3 Secondary Sources In secondary sources, information was gathered from books, academic diary articles from libraries and web sources. Periodicals and unpublished works, for example, government reports including sessional papers were additionally utilized. To supplement the optional information, essential sources was counseled for instance perusing of approach reports from different services; for example, strategy archives utilized as a part of social affair information. 3.6 Research Response Data The supervisors and peers who have pursued studies in statistics and research techniques helped with exploring the response data to address its substance and face validity. Face validity included personal research of the things to judge whether they covered the substance that the study needs to research on. 3.6.1 Reliability of Response Data Reliability is a measure of how much the study response data provides predictable outcomes or information after repeated trials (Mugenda and Mugenda, 2003). Mugenda clarifies that reliability in studies is impacted by random mistake. Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha was calculated by utilization of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 21 keeping in mind that the end goal is to decide how things correspond among themselves. Cronbach's Alpha is a general type of the Kunder-Richardson (K-R) 20 equations used to evaluate interior consistency of response data in view of split-half reliabilities of information from every single conceivable portion of the response data. Cronbach's Alpha is translated as the mean of all conceivable split-half coefficients (Cronbach, 1971). Reliability of at least 0.70 or higher is recommended for Social Science Research (Mugenda and Mugenda, 2003). The Cronbach’s reliability coefficient more than 0.7 was therefore deemed reliable. 3.6.2 Validity of research Response Data Validity is defined as the accuracy and meaningfulness of inferences, which are based on the research results. In other words, validity is the degree to which results obtained from the analysis of the data actually represents the phenomena under study (Golafshani, 2003). Supervisors characterized the degree of the particular substance of the questionnaire and decide how well this degree was inspected in deciding its substance validity. Content validity incorporated subjective study of the things to judge whether they covered the substance that the response data needs to identify. This ensured that response data yields substantial data that was collected during the study. 3.7 Data analysis Data collected was edited for completeness and consistency. The data was then be coded to enable the responses to be grouped into various themes. Data collected was purely quantitative and qualitative and it was analyzed by descriptive analysis and content analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed by use of SPSS Version 20.0 software. SPSS helped in arranging and compressing data to various measurements like means and standard deviation, frequency tables, bar graphs, and percentages. 3.8 Ethical considerations Each one of the respondents was offered flexibility to take an intrigue and contribute deliberately to the research. Fundamental research powers was advised and assent searched for while due elucidations was given to the respondents previously start of the research. Also, interviewees especially those inside government structures were dealt with the opportunity to pick anonymity 22 in view of the sensitive method for the theme. Moreover, the research was coordinated inside the cutoff points of the basic controls limiting literary theft and adherence to copyright commitments. 23 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS 4.1 Introduction This chapter presents analysis and interpretation of the findings. The chapter reports on the results of analysis of data covering the respondents’ background information, the role of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction, the practices of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction, the attitudes of local residents and police service officers towards Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction and the challenges facing implementation of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction. 4.2 Return Rate The researcher administered questionnaires to 385 residents out of which 300 returned dully filled questionnaires, which were 77.9%, return rate. The researcher also interviewed twenty out of twenty seven police service officers, who led to 74.1% return rate, and all three administrative officers who are 100% return rate. The average response data return was 84%, which the researcher found to be representative of the sample size. 4.3 Respondents Demographic Information Basic information regarding the respondents was asked in order to establish the grounds for the research. The information included gender, age bracket, marital status, level of education, and length of stay in location. 4.3.1 Gender of the Respondents The researcher asked the respondents to indicate their gender. The responses are as follows. 24 Figure 4.1: Gender of the Respondents The study found out that 56% of the respondents were male. The rest of the respondents, making up 44% indicated that they were female. This shows that slightly more male residents were involved in this research than female residents. This implies that the population involved was gender balanced hence a fair response received considering gender in security rick management is very important, given the reality that men and women face varying levels of exposure to specific situational threats for example, the male gender are more affected by violent crimes, while the female gender are more affected by sexual offences. The researcher also discovered that the Nyumba Kumi initiative should consider gender security practises that are inclusive of a more holistic gender influenced assessment and approach that ensures that the integrity of the security agencies and the residents of Makongeni Delta zone estate is not compromised. 4.3.2 Respondents’ Age The researcher also asked the respondents to indicate their age. Figure 4.2 shows the results. Figure 4.2: Age of the Respondents 56% 44% Male Female 25 The researcher found out that 49% of the respondents were of age bracket 25-31 years, 30% of the respondents were between 18-24 years of age. Additionally, 14% and 7% of the respondents indicated that they were between 32-38 years and above 50 years respectively. The findings of the age category therefore reveal that majority of residents of Makongeni, Delta zone estate were above 18 years and thus had adequate knowledge regarding the role, practices, attitudes and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction. This implies that the residents were mature enough to understand security matters and provide information and concerns regarding security and safety at a local level. 4.3.3 Marital Status The researcher asked the respondents to indicate their marital status. The results are indicated in figure 4.3. Figure 4.3: Marital Status 30% 49% 14% 7% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 18-24 years 25-31 years 32-38 years above 39 years P er ce n ta ge Age of Respondents 26 The researcher found out that 49% of the residents were single, 32% were married, and 10% were divorced while 9% were widowed. This was an important finding because the single and married categories constitute highest levels. The researcher found out that these categories had invested in social, material wealth or otherwise, therefore they felt the need to protect their hard earned investments as much as possible and have in the past provided vital information that would improve the security of the area for example, residents of Makongeni, Delta zone estate are expected to attend all meetings without failure. The researcher also found out that the residents of the area who were single, married, divorced or widowed needed a secure environment for their children who play around the estate after school and during the school holidays. This implies that the marital status of the residents was a key component as they are a mature category and value their children’s welfare and feel the need to protect their wealth. 4.3.4 Respondents’ Level of Education The respondents were asked to indicate their highest level of education. The results are as follows. Figure 4.4: Level of Education 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Single Married Divorced Widowed 49% 32% 10% 9% P er ce n ta ge Marital Status 27 The researcher found out 32% of the respondents indicated that they had attained primary education as their highest level of education, 30% of the respondents indicated that they had attained secondary education as their highest level of education, and 19% indicated that they held tertiary/college degrees. Additionally, 10% and 9% of the respondents indicated that they had attained undergraduate and postgraduate education as their highest level of education respectively. The chairman elect in Makongeni estate, Mr. Justus Muthiani, regularly holds meeting s and brings on board security agencies from the government who empower and provide continuous training to the residents of the area. The security personnel have embraced modern ways of technology and opened a watsup media platform where the administrators of the group mainly involve the hotline numbers that the residents of Makongeni, Delta zone estate can reach them on in case of a security emergency. This implies that despite the highest number of residents falling under the primary and secondary levels of education category, they consider security matters critical and a priority. It also indicates that basic level of education is critical in understanding environmental security and safety. All the categories are empowered by their chairman who makes it mandatory to participate in their forums. This means the populations are able to engage themselves productively hence the need to have a safe environment for their livelihood. 32% 30% 19% 10% 9% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Primary Secondary Tertiary/College Undergraduate Postgraduate P e rc e n ta ge Education Level 28 4.3.5 Length of stay in Location The respondents were asked to state their length of stay in location. The responses are designated in figure 4.5. 29 Figure 4.5: Length of stay in Location The researcher found out 23% of the respondents indicated more than 5 years as their length of stay in location, 19% of the respondents indicated 5 years as their length of stay in location, 18% of the respondents indicated 2-3 years as their length of stay in location, 16% indicated 1-2 years as their length of stay in location, 14% indicated 3-4 years as their length of stay in location while 10% indicated that they had stayed in the location for less than 1 year. This implies that majority of the residents had resided in the location for a substantial period of time and therefore were adequately conversant with the aspect of Nyumba Kumi initiative since its inception and observed the benefits that come along with having a safe and secure environment. The level of stay is also an indication that majority of the residents of Makongeni , Delta zone estate know each other and are aware of where each member resides, which is crucial in times of emergencies, which the researcher noted as a plus in the Nyumba Kumi initiative. 4.4 Role of Nyumba Kumi Initiative for crime reduction 4.4.1 Success of Nyumba Kumi Initiative The researcher sought to find out the role of Nyumba Kumi initiative in reducing crime rates. The responses are indicated in the figure that follows. 10% 16% 18% 14% 19% 23% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Less than 1 year 1 – 2 years 2-3 years 3-4 years 5 years More than 5 years P ER C EN TA G E LENGTH OF STAY 30 31 Figure 4.6: Success of Nyumba Kumi Initiative The researcher found out that 51% of the respondents indicated that Nyumba Kumi initiative succeeded in reducing crime rates while 49% of the respondents indicated that Nyumba Kumi initiative has not succeeded in reducing crime rates. The study findings show that most of the residents were in agreement that Nyumba Kumi initiative succeeded in reducing crime rates. The researcher sought to find out how Nyumba Kumi initiative succeeded in reducing crime rates in the area. The responses given include; Nyumba Kumi initiative has helped in finding feasible solutions to problems that detract from the safety and security of the residents; promoted communication of any form of anomalies amongst the residents. This is in agreement with Kevin Kenneth (2016) who argues that Nyumba Kumi initiative has enabled societies to be consistent and upright in the decisions and social wellbeing of its members on various rules pertaining to social neighborhood issues and provides appropriate solutions concerning neighborhood queries. 4.4.2 Cooperation between Police and the Residents The researcher asked the respondents to indicate how Nyumba Kumi Initiative enhances cooperation between the police service officers and the residents of Makongeni estate. The study found out that Nyumba Kumi Initiative has helped to build durable links between the residents, 51%49% Yes No 32 local government and police service structures; Nyumba Kumi Initiative enhances the resilience of residents to withstand pressures that could lead to criminal activities. CHRI (2011) argues that in case of low level of basic mutual trust between the residents and the police, residents may fear to share information to assist in crime prevention due to possibilities of retaliation. It implies that cooperation is a vital key to achieve sustainable security. Most of the residents felt that the feedback provided to the police service officers was used to improve the security in the area. 4.4.3 Role of Nyumba Kumi Initiative The researcher sought to find out the level of extent to which the respondents agree or disagree with the role of Nyumba Kumi Initiative in crime reduction. The responses are illustrated in the table below. Table 4.1: Role of Nyumba Kumi Initiative Statements Mean Std. Deviation problem solving 3.09 0.189 service orientation 3.11 0.234 empowerment and accountability 3.26 0.109 mobilization and sensitization 2.92 0.066 The researcher found out that majority of the respondents highly agreed with the statements that Nyumba Kumi Initiative has a role in empowerment and accountability as shown by a mean score of 3.26 and SD of 0.109, service orientation as designated by a mean score of 3.11 and SD of 0.234, problem solving with mean score of 3.09 and SD of 0.189, and mobilization and sensitization with mean score of 2.92 and SD of 0.066. This implies that Nyumba Kumi initiative aids in problem solving, mobilization and sensitization of residents thus reducing crime in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika. This findings are similar to a report by Koki (2009) who 33 observed that crime had reduced among residents of Igbo due to the critical role played by security initiatives. Most of the responses demonstrated mutual trust and cooperation in providing crucial information to the police service officer. 4.5 Practices of Nyumba Kumi Initiative 4.5.1 Level of Adoption of Nyumba kumi Initiative The respondents were asked to indicate the level of adoption of Nyumba kumi Initiative as a style of policing in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone. Figure 4.7 shows the responses. Figure 4.7: Level of Adoption of Nyumba kumi Initiative The researcher found out that 59% of the respondents indicated that level of adoption of Nyumba Kumi initiative as a style of policing in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone was to a moderate extent, 23% of the respondents indicated that level of adoption of Nyumba kumi initiative as a style of policing in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone was low. Additionally, 9% of the respondents indicated that level of adoption of Nyumba kumi initiative as a style of policing in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone was vey low, 7% of the respondents indicated that level of adoption of Nyumba kumi initiative as a style of policing in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone was high and 2% of the respondents indicated that level of adoption of Nyumba kumi initiative as a style of policing in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone was very high. This implies that majority of the 2% 7% 59% 23% 9% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Very High High Moderate Low Very Low PERCENTAGE LE V EL O F A D O P TI O N 34 respondents agree that level of adoption of Nyumba Kumi initiative was moderately used as a style of policing in Makongeni estate, which implies it is an initiative that is socially acceptable way to reduce crime and improve security concerns to the residents of Makongeni estate, Delta zone, Thika. This is in agreement with Mwaura (2014) who also found out that Nyumba Kumi initiative systems enhance basic mutual trust between the residents, the police service officers and other stakeholders. 4.5.2 General Policing Practiced in Makongeni estate The researcher asked the respondents to indicate the general policing practiced in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone. The responses for the policing practiced in Makongeni estate include; empowering people at grassroots to participate in decision-making, identifying and resolving security problems so that security agencies, especially police service officers become more responsive, accountable and resident friendly. Furthermore, some of gave the following responses as the policing practiced in Makongeni estate; minimization of gender-based violence and crime to an increase of trust between communities and security providers, inter-ethnic tensions or weapons proliferation. 4.5.3 The Level of Public Participation in Nyumba Kumi Initiative The research study asked the respondents to indicate the level of public participation in Nyumba Kumi Initiative. Figure 4.8 shows the responses. Figure 4.8: The Level of Public Participation in Nyumba Kumi Initiative 35 The researcher found out that 37% of the respondents indicated that the level of public participation in Nyumba Kumi Initiative was moderate, 26% of the respondents indicated that the level of public participation in Nyumba Kumi Initiative was high, 22% of the respondents indicated that the level of public participation in Nyumba Kumi Initiative was low. Further, 11% and 4% of the respondents indicated that the level of public participation in Nyumba Kumi Initiative was very low and very high respectively. This implies that the level of public participation in Nyumba Kumi Initiative was skewed towards a high level of participation, which is positive feedback since the more the residents feel that their contribution and participation in new ideas, identifying security problems and decision making, the more they feel confident in contributing to more and more ideas in the process. 4.5.4 Practices of Nyumba Kumi Initiative programmes The researcher sought to find out the level of extent to which the respondents agree or disagree with the statements on practices of Nyumba Kumi Initiative programmes. The responses are illustrated in the table 4.2. Table 4.2: Practices of Nyumba Kumi Initiative programmes Statements Mean Std. Deviation 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Very High High Moderate Low Very Low 4% 26% 37% 22% 11% P er ce n ta ge Level of public participation 36 police have failed to change attitudes and culture 3.79 0.290 police culture encourages police isolation rather than close engagement 3.81 0.317 police equate Nyumba Kumi Initiative to revealing police functions to unaccountable entity 3.84 0.135 The researcher found out that majority of the respondents were in agreement to a great extent with the statements that police service officers equate Nyumba Kumi Initiative to revealing police service functions to unaccountable entity as shown by a mean score of 3.84 and SD of 0.135. Police service culture encourages police isolation rather than close engagement as designated by a mean score of 3.81 and SD of 0.317, and the police service officers have failed to change attitudes and culture with mean score of 3.79 and SD of 0.290. The findings show that most of the residents in Makongeni, Thika were in agreement to a great extent that police service equate Nyumba Kumi initiative to revealing police service functions to unaccountable entity, police service culture encourages police isolation rather than close engagement, and police service officers have failed to change attitudes and culture. The researcher also found out that from the respondents that if the police service officers deployed at Makongeni police station pay more attention to the ideas of the residents of the area, have a positive attitude towards the initiative and become more accountable, then the initiative would be more successful that it currently is. 4.6 Attitudes of local residents and police officers towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative 4.6.1 Level of attitude of residents towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative The researcher asked the respondents to indicate the level of attitude of residents towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative. Figure 4.9 illustrates the findings. Figure 4.9: Level of attitude of residents towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative 37 The researcher found out that 49% of the respondents indicated that the level of attitude of residents towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative was high, 19% of the respondents indicated that the level of attitude of residents towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative was moderate, and 12% of the respondents indicated that the level of attitude of residents towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative was low and very high respectively. Additionally, 8% of the respondents indicated that the level of attitude of residents towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative was very low. This designates that the level of attitude of residents towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative was high. This is a positive attribute to the residents as they are likely to benefit more if all the members of the area irrespective of age can initiate the Nyumba Kumi Initiative and embrace a positive attitude. This is in agreement with a thesis by Nwaeze (2010) who observed that security initiatives among the Igbo had dramatically reduced the rate of crime. 4.6.2 Measures for managing confidential Information from residents The researcher sought information about the strategies the police service officers have placed to manage confidentiality of information provided by residents. The responses given were as follows; proper storage of confidential information in a secluded room. This is further handled by proper labelling of information, limiting access to vital information and implementing a monitoring and enforcement system with control points established to monitor information usage and traffic and reviewing progress periodically. Through regular system benchmarking, the security organs can protect confidential information; extend security to different communication channels such as e-mail, 12% 49% 19% 12% 8% V E R Y H I G H H I G H M O D E R A T E L O W V E R Y L O W P ER C EN TA G E LEVEL OF ATTITUDE 38 instant messaging and use of social media platforms. Responses regarding individual residents included; sharing information with only the required parties for purposes investigating crimes, arresting and prosecuting criminals., The measures that the police service officers have put in place to manage confidential information from residents include the residents making reports only to specific police service officers assigned to this initiative. The researcher found out that proper management of resources. The most important recourse is people who are ultimately responsible for success of any intiative. Soft skills like communication, leadership and emotional intelligence are necessary to effectively communicate with team leaders in order to inspire and motivate. The researcher also found out that transparency fosters trust. The police service officers should make sure that resources are aligned and everyone’s working towards a common objective, giving people the freedom to make decision to their own security problems and mitigating obvious risks. 4.6.3 Attitudes of Local Residents and Police Officers The research study sought to find out the level of extent to which the respondents’ level of agreement with statements regarding attitudes of local residents and police service officers towards nyumba kumi initiative. The responses are illustrated in the table 4.3. Table 4.3: Attitudes of Local Residents and Police Officers Statements Mean Std. Deviation public involvement in intelligence and neighborhood surveillance 2.54 0.099 improve perceptions on nyumba kumi Initiative programmes 2.68 0.407 countering poor public image of police service officers 2.73 0.332 strengthen police service officers measures for managing confidentiality of information and intelligence from residents of the area 2.59 0.144 39 The researcher found out that majority of the respondents highly agreed with the statements that countering poor public image of police service officers as shown by a mean score of 2.73 and SD of 0.332, Improve perceptions on Nyumba Kumi initiative programmes as designated by a mean score of 2.68 and SD of 0.407, strengthen police service measures for managing confidentiality of information and intelligence from residents of the area with mean score of 3.59 and SD of 0.144, and public involvement in intelligence and neighborhood surveillance with a mean score of 2.54 and SD of 0.099. This implies that most of the residents highly agreed that countering poor public image of police service officers, improve perceptions on Nyumba Kumi initiative programmes, strengthen police service measures for managing confidentiality of information and intelligence from residents of the area, public involvement in intelligence and neighborhood surveillance was critical. 4.7 Challenges of implementing Nyumba Kumi Initiative 4.7.1 Implementation Challenges The researcher asked the respondents to indicate some of the challenges of implementing Nyumba Kumi initiative in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone. The responses were as follows; manpower shortage, inadequate training, inadequate funding, inadequate logistic support and infrastructure, lack of serviceable information and technological equipment. Some of these findings concur with Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (2007) who noted that inadequate training has been seen to be lacking towards policing service officers efforts effective community policing requires training for both police personnel and residential members. Effective training aids the development of new attitudes, knowledge, and skills and facilitates reorientation of perceptions and refinement of existing skills. Tactics that can help overcome misperceptions about crime policing including conducting accurate residential needs assessments, assuring appropriate resources are available for resident programs; and finally, evaluating and modifying programs as needed are recommended. These positively influence residents in engaging crime reduction initiatives. 40 4.7.2 Level of Agreement The research study asked the respondents to indicate their level of agreement with the following statement, “lack of co-operation between the residents of Makongeni estate and police service officers, inadequate police service procedures and the process of investigation to the community affect nyumba kumi initiative.” The findings are shown in figure 4.10. Figure 4.10: Level of Agreement The researcher found out that 54% of the respondents strongly agreed that lack of co-operation between the residents of Makongeni estate and police service officers, inadequate police service procedures and the process of investigation to the community affect nyumba kumi initiative while 46% of the respondents agreed that lack of co-operation between the residents of Makongeni estate and police service officers, inadequate police service procedures and the process of investigation to the community affect nyumba kumi initiative. This implies that poor cooperation between the police service officers and the residents is a hindrance to crime reduction initiative thus affecting the ability to curb crimes. This is in agreement with Nelson, Lazarus and Lucy (2012) who posit that for a partnership between the police service officers and the residents of an area is the lack of specific legal framework that spells out the role of communities or other partners in the provision of security, thus hindering crime reduction. 54% 46% Strongly agree Agree 41 4.7.3 Obstructive Effective Implementation of Nyumba Kumi Initiative The researcher sought to find out the extent to which the respondents’ level of agreement on factors that obstruct effective implementation of nyumba kumi initiative. The responses are illustrated in the table 4.4. Table 4.4: Obstructive Effective Implementation of Nyumba Kumi Initiative Statements Mean Std. Deviation police service organizational structures 3.01 0.318 lack of confidentiality 2.98 0.246 mishandling of information 2.84 0.217 poor public image of police service 2.77 0.411 lack of an enabling legislative and administrative environment 3.06 0.369 low level of basic mutual trust 2.91 0.107 The researcher found out that majority of the respondents highly agreed with the following factors that obstruct effective implementation; police service organizational structures as shown by a mean score of 3.01 and SD of 0.318, lack of an enabling legislative and administrative environment as designated by a mean score of 3.06 and SD of 0.369, lack of confidentiality with mean score of 2.98 and SD of 0.246, low level of basic mutual trust as shown by 2.91 and SD of 0.107, and poor public image of police with a mean score of 2.77 and SD of 0.411. This implies that most of the residents highly agreed that police organizational structures, lack of an enabling legislative and administrative environment, lack of confidentiality, low level of basic mutual trust, and poor public image of police are factors that obstruct effective implementation of Nyumba Kumi Initiative. The findings agree with those of Mammus’ research (2010) which revealed that the major challenge of policing comprised of manpower shortage, inadequate 42 funding, inadequate logistic support and infrastructure, lack of serviceable information and technological equipment to cover all the areas of the country. 4.8 Information from Key Informants (police service and administrative officers) The researcher asked the respondents to state the main security concerns in Makongeni estate, Delta zone, Thika. From the findings, most of the respondents indicated robbery with violence, and shoplifting and house robberies as the main security concerns in Makongeni estate, Delta zone, Thika. Additionally, most of the respondents indicated that rape crimes are likely to be committed by residents living within the area, therefore involving the residents that could probably help prevent the crimes. The researcher asked the police service and administrative officers to indicate the structure of Nyumba Kumi initiative in the area and its mode of operation. The respondents indicated the structure of Nyumba Kumi initiative should be ‘bottom-up’ model, which emphasizes partnership with local residents and consultation with citizenry to ensure that police service officers take into account the community’s perspective while recognizing the role of the police service in resolving neighborhood problems. Additionally, the respondents were asked to indicate how well Nyumba Kumi initiative committee addressed the security concerns of the area. Most of the respondents indicated that security concerns have been addressed in the area; hence low crime rates since the inception of the nyumba kumi initiative. The respondents were asked to state how effective and efficient was Nyumba Kumi initiative in the area. According to the respondents, most indicated that the fruits of Nyumba Kumi initiative have been forthcoming in most parts of Makongeni estate, Delta zone, Thika. The researcher further asked the respondents on the major constraints faced in the adoption of Nyumba Kumi initiative. Most of the police service and administrative officers indicated manpower shortage, inadequate funding, inadequate logistic support and infrastructure, poor communication and technological equipment as the major challenges they face to implement the initiative effectively. 43 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction This researcher sought to determine, role challenges and practices of nyumba kumi initiative in crime reduction in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, Thika, Kenya. The conclusions and recommendations drawn were concentrated on addressing the objectives of the research study. 5.2 Summary of Findings The researcher found out that more male respondents were involved in this study than the female respondents, thus an indication that gender balance was observed during the study. The researcher also found that most of of the residents of Makongeni estate were above eighteen years and thus had sufficient knowledge regarding the role, practice, attitudes and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction. It further found that most respondents were single and married categories, therefore are directly involved in security initiatives including implementation of Nyumba Kumi initiatives. Additionally, the researcher found that most of the respondents were in a position to understand the questionnaire and answer conclusively on the role, practice, attitudes and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Makongeni, Delta zone, Thika. Furthermore, most residents had resided in the location for a substantial period of time and therefore were adequately conversant with aspect of Nyumba Kumi initiative and the accompanying challenges since its inception. 5.2.1 Role of Nyumba Kumi Initiative in Crime Reduction The researcher found that Nyumba Kumi initiative succeeded in reducing crime rates. It found out that Nyumba Kumi initiative has assisted to build durable links between the residents, local government and police service officers. The study also found that Nyumba Kumi initiative has a role in empowerment and accountability, service orientation, problem solving, and mobilization and sensitization. This was in agreement with CHRI report (2011), which argues that in case of low level of basic mutual trust between the residents and the police service officers, residents fear sharing information which would assist in crime prevention due to possibilities of 44 retaliation. It is a clear indication that cooperation is critical to achieve sustainable secure and safe environment. 5.5.2 Practices of Nyumba Kumi Initiative in Crime Reduction Concerning the practices of Nyumba Kumi initiative, the researcher found that level of adoption of Nyumba Kumi initiative as a style of policing in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone and the level of public participation in Nyumba Kumi initiative was moderate. The researcher also found out that reduction of incidents of crime and gender-based violence increases trust between residents and security providers in Makongeni estate. Further, the researcher found out that police service officers equate Nyumba Kumi initiative to revealing police service functions to unaccountable entity and police service culture encourages police isolation rather than close engagement. The researcher found out that growing closer and listening to the ideas, decision making of the residents, assigning specific individuals for the initiative, encouraging trust and being more accountable and transparent to the residents would improve the success of Nyumba Kumi initiative to higher levels. 5.2.3 Attitudes of Local Residents and Police Service Officers towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative Furthermore, the researcher established the attitudes of residents towards Nyumba Kumi initiative were high. The researcher found that residents highly agreed that countering poor public image of police service officers, improve perceptions on Nyumba Kumi initiative programmes, strengthen police service measures for managing confidentiality of information and intelligence from residents of the area, and public involvement in intelligence and neighborhood surveillance was the most effective and efficient way in managing the programme. 5.2.4 Challenges Facing Implementation of Nyumba Kumi Initiative Finally, the researcher found out manpower shortage, inadequate funding, inadequate logistic support and infrastructure, lack of serviceable information and technological equipment as some of the challenges of implementing Nyumba Kumi Initiative in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone, 45 Thika. It also found out that lack of co-operation between the residents of Makongeni estate, Thika and police service officers, inadequate police procedures and the process of investigation to the community were an obstacle to the success of Nyumba Kumi initiative. 5.3 Conclusion Nyumba Kumi initiative has assisted in finding feasible solutions to problems that detract from the safety and security of the residents in Makongeni estate, Thika. Additionally, the researcher revealed that Nyumba Kumi initiative enhances the resilience of residents to withstand pressures that could lead to criminal activities. The findings support those of 4th Draft Guidelines in Community Policing (March 2015) which indicated the functions of Nyumba Kumi as follows; Establish an active partnership between Government Policing Agencies and the community for purposes of realizing safer communities; enhancing democratic policing and openness; jointly solving problems; promoting transparency and accountability; guaranteeing the enjoyment of individual fundamental rights and freedoms; building sustainable confidence and mutual trust among actors; and preventing crime and violence and reduction of public fear of crime. The study established that empowering people at grassroots to participate in decision-making and in identifying and resolving security problems so that security agencies, especially the police service officers, become more responsive, accountable and resident friendly. Citizens who rated Nyumba Kumi initiative positively, in terms of working with people in the neighborhood to solve local problems expressed much more satisfaction with the initiative. This is due to the fact that Nyumba Kumi initiative relies heavily on citizen involvement to identify and solve resident problems. As per Onyeozili. (2011), when the residents hear about positive side effects of initiatives aimed at curbing crime, they will be eager to take part in its implementation in the society. With increased acceptance by the people, Nyumba Kumi initiative style will thrive. The best form of awareness will equally come when the people witness changes from the police service officers conduct and operations within their community. The researcher concluded that careful storage of information and advice management on how the resources and materials are used; who they give it to, what is left and what they need plays a 46 major role in the attitudes of residents. The study revealed police service organizational structures, lack of an enabling legislative and administrative environment, lack of confidentiality, low level of basic mutual trust, and poor public image of police are factors that obstruct effective implementation of Nyumba Kumi initiative. The findings support the research by Young and Tinsley (2012) in rural parts of Namibia who established that traditional law and criminal justice practices created confusion and lack of understanding of what crime reduction is. It was revealed that community members felt that ‘solidarity’ or ‘brotherhood’ was important leading to resistance to fully embrace policing. Furthermore, Chimera and Likaka (2014) posited that inadequate information was a challenge to nyumba kumi initiatives as was noted by 80% of the respondents. Lack of information required to pre-empt crime affected the performance community policing committees. This was caused by lack of communication facilities. This in turn reduced the efficiency of the committees and the community in general, in the sense that it could identify criminals or criminal activities but be unable to communicate. 5.4 Recommendations The researcher recommends that police service officers should be trained specifically on community policing and residential leaders be inducted on how to work with the police service officers through more modern communication technology and on how to relate to prevent crime. Though Nyumba Kumi initiative has been a huge success in Makongeni, Delta zone, Thika, it still leaves a gap that requires further research regarding the mode of appointing those who participate and the best way to reward individuals who work tirelessly without any pay for the safety and security of others in crime prevention. The researcher recommends that to ensure proper implementation, mechanisms should be put in place to train resident leaders on adoption of modern technological communication and avail modern facilities like smart phones and motorcycles. The researcher also recommends that coordination of the developed national crime prevention strategy based on the Nyumba Kumi concept of community policing, which monitors, evaluates and reports on the progress made in the implementation of police reforms quarterly. 47 The researcher recommends adaption of modern technology to enhance and facilitate efficient and effective ways of communications that sensitive to confidentiality of the information givers and security providers. 5.5 Suggestions for further Research This research study was done to establish the assessment of the role, practice, attitudes and challenges of Nyumba Kumi initiative in crime reduction in Makongeni estate, Thika, Kenya. 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Options for the development of COP/problem solving policing in New Zealand, Victoria University of Wellington. Zhao, J., Lovrich, N., & Thurman, Q. (2010). The status of Community Policing in American cities: Facilitators and impediments revisited. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 22(1), 74-92. 53 APPENDICES Appendix I: Questionnaire for Makongeni estate Residents Instructions This questionnaire is intended for collecting info on the practice, role, attitudes and challenges of nyumba kumi initiative in crime reduction in Thika, Kenya with Makongeni estate, Delta Zone being the case study. The information you gave was treated with outmost confidentiality. For certain questions, you are required to choose by ticking (√) one answer among the alternatives. Part. A: Demographic Information 1. Name (optional)……………………………………………………………………………… 2. Gender of the respondent Female Male 3. What is your age bracket? 18-24 years ( ) 25-31 years ( ) 32-38 years ( ) above 39 years( ) 4. Marital status Single ( ) Married ( ) Divorced ( ) Widowed ( ) 5. What is your level of education? Primary ( ) Secondary ( ) Tertiary/College ( ) Undergraduate ( ) Postgraduate ( ) 6. Length of stay in Location Less than 1 year ( ) 1 – 2 years ( ) 2-3 years ( ) 54 3-4 years ( ) 5 years ( ) More than 5 years ( ) Part B: Role of Nyumba Kumi Initiative for crime reduction 7. Has Nyumba Kumi initiative succeeded in reducing crime rates? Yes ( ) No ( ) 8. Please explain the reason for your answer. ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... 9. In your opinion, how does Nyumba Kumi Initiative enhance cooperation between the police and the residents of Makongeni estate? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... 10. What is the role of Nyumba Kumi Initiative in crime reduction? Give the level of importance for the components/elements. Please use the following key; Use a Likert scale of 1-4 where; 4 – Very high, 3 - High, 2 – Low, 1 – Very low. Statements 1 2 3 4 problem solving service orientation empowerment and accountability mobilization and sensitization 55 Part C: Practices of Nyumba Kumi Initiative 11. What is the level of adoption of Nyumba kumi initiative as a style of policing in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone? Very High ( ) High ( ) Moderate ( ) Low ( ) Very Low ( ) 12. Describe the general policing practiced in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................ 13. What is the level of public participation in Nyumba Kumi Initiative? Very High ( ) High ( ) Moderate ( ) Low ( ) Very Low ( ) 14. To what extent do you agree with the views in the table below regarding the practices of Nyumba Kumi Initiative programmes? Use a Likert scale of 1 to 5 where 5=Very great extent, 4=Great extent, 3=Moderate extent, 2=Less extent and 1=Not at all. Statements 1 2 3 4 5 police have failed to change attitudes and culture police culture encourages police isolation rather than close engagement police equate Nyumba Kumi Initiative to revealing police functions to unaccountable entity 56 Part D: Attitudes of local residents and police officers towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative 15. In your view, what is the level of attitude of residents towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative? Very High ( ) High ( ) Moderate ( ) Low ( ) Very Low ( ) 16. What are the measures that the police officers have put in place to manage confidentiality of information from residents? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... 17. By ticking in the space provided, indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with the following selected statements regarding attitudes of local residents and police officers towards Nyumba Kumi Initiative. Use a Likert scale of 1-5 where; 4 – Very high, 3 - High, 2 – Low, 1 – Very low. Statements 1 2 3 4 public involvement in intelligence and neighborhood surveillance improve perceptions on Nyumba Kumi Initiative programmes countering poor public image of police officers strengthen police measures for managing confidentiality of information and intelligence from residents of the area 57 Part E: Challenges of implementing Nyumba Kumi Initiative 18. What are some of the challenges of implementing Nyumba Kumi Initiative in Makongeni estate, Delta Zone? .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... 19. What is your level of agreement with the following statement, “lack of co-operation between the residents of Makongeni estate and police officers, inadequate police procedures and the process of investigation to the community affect Nyumba Kumi Initiative?” Strongly agree ( ) Agree ( ) Neutral ( ) Disagree ( ) Strongly disagree ( ) 20. Please indicate your level of agreement to the following factors that obstruct effective implementation of Nyumba Kumi Initiative? Please use the following key; where 1=Very high, 2=High, 3=Low, 4=Very low Statements 1 2 3 4 conflict over social values lack of confidentiality mishandling of information poor public image of police lack of an enabling legislative and administrative environment low level of basic mutual trust police organizational structures 58 Appendix II: Key Interview Guide for who police and administrative officers 1. What are the main security concerns in Makongeni estate, Delta zone, Thika? 2. How is Nyumba Kumi Initiative structure in this area and what’s its mode of operation? 3. How well has Nyumba Kumi Initiative committee addressed the security concerns of this area? 4. How effective and efficient is Nyumba Kumi Initiative in this area? 5. What are the major constraints faced in the adoption of Nyumba Kumi Initiative? 6. How often are you trained or sensitized on Nyumba Kumi Initiative? 7. Who facilitates the operations and how well resourced is it? 59 Appendix III: Krejcie and Morgan Table 60 61 62 Appendix IV: Work plan ACTIVITY DURATION 1 writing Proposal 2017 2 proposal Presentation 2017 3 incorporation of Corrections 2017 4 fieldwork/data collection 2018 5 data analysis 2018 6 project Report Writing 2018 7 project Report Presentation 2018 8 corrections and Submission of Final Report 2018 63 Appendix V: Budget ITEM QUANTITY UNIT COST (KSHS) TOTAL COST (KSHS) Stationary 5 reams 500 2,500 Traveling & phone calls Item 30,000 30,000 Binding 7 copies 250 1,750 Photocopying 85 pages X 7 copies 2 1,190 Supervision Item 12,000 12,000 Miscellaneous Item 8,500 8,500 Total 55,940